J. Mater. Sci. Technol. ›› 2016, Vol. 32 ›› Issue (9): 909-918.DOI: 10.1016/j.jmst.2016.06.003
• Orginal Article • Previous Articles Next Articles
Wang C.1,Yang H.T.2,Li X.1,*(
),Zheng Y.F.2,**()
Received:2016-03-20
Accepted:2016-05-31
Online:2016-09-20
Published:2016-11-02
Contact:
Li X.,Zheng Y.F.
Wang C.,Yang H.T.,Li X.,Zheng Y.F.. In Vitro Evaluation of the Feasibility of Commercial Zn Alloys as Biodegradable Metals[J]. J. Mater. Sci. Technol., 2016, 32(9): 909-918.
| Alloy | Al | Cu | Mg | Zn |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| ZA4-1 | 3.5-4.5 | 0.75-1.25 | 0.03-0.08 | Bal. |
| ZA4-3 | 3.5-4.3 | 2.5-3.2 | 0.03-0.06 | Bal. |
| ZA6-1 | 5.6-6.0 | 1.2-1.6 | — | Bal. |
Table 1 Chemical compositions (wt%) of commercial Zn alloys
| Alloy | Al | Cu | Mg | Zn |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| ZA4-1 | 3.5-4.5 | 0.75-1.25 | 0.03-0.08 | Bal. |
| ZA4-3 | 3.5-4.3 | 2.5-3.2 | 0.03-0.06 | Bal. |
| ZA6-1 | 5.6-6.0 | 1.2-1.6 | — | Bal. |
Fig. 1. X-ray diffraction patterns of the experimental alloys.
Fig. 2. SEM images of the microstructure of pure Zn and Zn alloys: (a) pure Zn, (b) ZA4-1 alloy, (c) ZA4-3 alloy, (d) ZA6-1 alloy. Matrix and second phases in images are indicated by *.
| Area | Zn | Al | Cu | O |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| A | 17.68 | 77.13 | 5.19 | |
| B | 89 | 3.39 | 3.15 | 4.46 |
| C | 11.21 | 84.84 | 3.94 | |
| D | 86.23 | 4.56 | 3.3 | 5.92 |
| E | 70.8 | 26.21 | 2.99 | |
| F | 89.53 | 2.89 | 3.55 | 4.03 |
Table 2 Chemical compositions (at.%) of areas indicated by * in Fig. 2
| Area | Zn | Al | Cu | O |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| A | 17.68 | 77.13 | 5.19 | |
| B | 89 | 3.39 | 3.15 | 4.46 |
| C | 11.21 | 84.84 | 3.94 | |
| D | 86.23 | 4.56 | 3.3 | 5.92 |
| E | 70.8 | 26.21 | 2.99 | |
| F | 89.53 | 2.89 | 3.55 | 4.03 |
Fig. 3. Mechanical properties of pure Zn and Zn alloys: (a) yield strength, ultimate tensile strength and elongation, (b) compressive yield strength and ultimate compressive strength, (c) tensile stress-stain curves, (d) compressive stress-stain curves, *p?<?0.5, compared with pure Zn.
Fig. 4. Microhardness of pure Zn and Zn alloys, *p?<?0.5, compared with pure Zn.
Fig. 5. Polarization curves of pure Zn and Zn alloys.
| Material | Icorr (μA cm-2) | Ecorr (V) | Corrosion rate (mm year-1) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Pure Zn | 1.799(0.587) | -0.958(0.074) | 0.027(0.009) |
| ZA4-1 | 2.986(0.430) | -1.145(0.007) | 0.047(0.007) |
| ZA4-3 | 7.209(1.451) | -1.196(0.105) | 0.374(0.431) |
| ZA6-1 | 5.331(1.231) | -1.142(0.007) | 0.086(0.020) |
Table 3 Electrochemical parameters of pure Zn and Zn alloys in Hank's solution
| Material | Icorr (μA cm-2) | Ecorr (V) | Corrosion rate (mm year-1) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Pure Zn | 1.799(0.587) | -0.958(0.074) | 0.027(0.009) |
| ZA4-1 | 2.986(0.430) | -1.145(0.007) | 0.047(0.007) |
| ZA4-3 | 7.209(1.451) | -1.196(0.105) | 0.374(0.431) |
| ZA6-1 | 5.331(1.231) | -1.142(0.007) | 0.086(0.020) |
Fig. 6. SEM images of pure Zn and Zn alloys after electrochemical tests: (a) pure Zn, (b) ZA4-1 alloy, (c) ZA4-3 alloy, (d) ZA6-1 alloy.
Fig. 7. Chemical compositions of regions in Fig. 6 detected by EDS analysis.
Fig. 8. Elemental (EDS) maps for typical corroded regions in pure Zn and Zn alloys: (a) pure Zn, (b) ZA4-1 alloy, (c) ZA4-3 alloy, (d) ZA6-1 alloy.
Fig. 9. Cell viability after culturing in extraction mediums of pure Zn and Zn alloys for 1, 2 and 4 days: (a) 100% extracts, (b) 50% extracts, *p?<?0.5, compared with pure Zn.
| Material | Mg (μg/mL) | Zn (μg/mL) | Al (μg/mL) | Cu (μg/mL) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Pure Zn | 12.24 | |||
| ZA4-1 | 18.42 | 9.51 | 0.050 | 0.054 |
| ZA4-3 | 18.65 | 10.78 | 0.051 | 0.058 |
| ZA6-1 | 18.63 | 9.52 | 0.053 | 0.062 |
| Control | 18.05 | 0.067 | 0.100 | 0.041 |
Table 4 Ion concentrations of extraction mediums of pure Zn and Zn alloys
| Material | Mg (μg/mL) | Zn (μg/mL) | Al (μg/mL) | Cu (μg/mL) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Pure Zn | 12.24 | |||
| ZA4-1 | 18.42 | 9.51 | 0.050 | 0.054 |
| ZA4-3 | 18.65 | 10.78 | 0.051 | 0.058 |
| ZA6-1 | 18.63 | 9.52 | 0.053 | 0.062 |
| Control | 18.05 | 0.067 | 0.100 | 0.041 |
Fig. 10. Cell cycle analysis of HUVECs cultured in extraction mediums of pure Zn and Zn alloys for 24?h: (a) control group, (b) pure Zn, (c) ZA4-1 alloy, (d) ZA4-3 alloy, (e) ZA6-1 alloy, (f) graphic representations of the cell cycle distributions of HUVECs.
Fig. 11. Fluorescent microscopic images of HUVECs after 24?h culture on the sample surfaces: (a, f) control group, (b, g) pure Zn, (c, h) ZA4-1 alloy, (d, i) ZA4-3 alloy, (e, j) ZA6-1 alloy. Actin and nuclei are in green and blue, respectively.
Fig. 12. Hemolysis percentages of pure Zn and Zn alloys.
Fig. 13. SEM images of adhered platelets on surfaces of pure Zn and Zn alloys: (a) pure Zn, (b) ZA4-1 alloy, (c) ZA4-3 alloy, (d) ZA6-1 alloy.
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