Recent progress on three-dimensional nanoarchitecture anode materials for lithium/sodium storage

doi:10.1016/j.jmst.2021.11.074

Abstract

Abstract:

High-performance batteries with high density and low cost are needed for the development of large-scale energy storage fields such as electric vehicles and renewable energy systems. The anode with three-dimensional (3D) nanoarchitecture is one of the most attractive candidates for high-performance lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) and sodium-ion batteries (SIBs) due to its efficient electron/ion transport and high active material mass loading. Although some important breakthroughs have been made in 3D nanoarchitecture anode materials, more improvements are still needed for high cycling stability and high energy density. Herein, the latest research progress of 3D nanoarchitecture anode materials for LIBs and SIBs is reviewed, including nanoporous metal, nanoporous graphene, and their derived foams. Specifically, the storage properties of Li/Na ions, the kinetics of ion/electron transport, and specific chemical interactions are discussed based on the structure design. In addition, the research strategies and structural characteristics of 3D nanoarchitecture anode materials are summarized, providing a reference for the further development of LIBs and SIBs. Meanwhile, the future research directions of LIBs and SIBs have also prospected.

Key words: Lithium-ion batteries, Sodium-ion batteries, Anode material, Nanoporous metal, Nanoporous graphene, Metal foam, Graphene foam, Carbon foam

Zhijia Zhang, Yuefang Chen, Shihao Sun, Kai Sun, Heyi Sun, Hongwei Li, Yuhe Yang, Mengmeng Zhang, Weijie Li, Shulei Chou, Huakun Liu, Yong Jiang. Recent progress on three-dimensional nanoarchitecture anode materials for lithium/sodium storage[J]. J. Mater. Sci. Technol., 2022, 119: 167-181.

Figures/Tables 15

Fig. 1. Illustration of 3D nanoarchitecture anode materials for energy storage devices [61] and characteristics of 3D nanoarchitecture anode materials.

Fig. 2. (a) Synthesis schematic diagram of NPTNO by applying ionic liguid (IL); (b) and (c) HRTEM characterizations of NPTNO materials. (d) XRD patterns of two NPTNO materials from different calcination temperatures (700 and 850 °C). (e) and (f) Galvanostatic curves and Cycle performance of LNMO-TNO700 full-cell [81].

Fig. 3. (a) Schematic of the evolution of NP-Sb structure by chemical dealloying; SEM and digital images of (b) the coral-like NP-Sb70 and (c) the honeycomb-like NP-Sb80; (d) cycling performance of the NP-Sb70, NP-Sb80, Sb10, Sb30, Sb45, and commercial Sb powder electrodes [83].

Fig. 4. (a) Schematic illustration of the synthesis of A-NPA@oxides-Cu electrode; SEM images of (b) dealloyed NPA-Cu composite, (c) NPA@oxides-Cu composite, and (d) the final A-NPA@oxides-Cu electrode; (e) schematic of the flexible 3D nanoporous structure; (f) cycling performance of NPA@oxides-Cu and A-NPA@oxides-Cu [86].

Fig. 5. (a) Optical micrographs of 3D Cu foam and schematic illustration of 3D porous Sn-coated Cu foam [88]; (b) schematic illustration of the 3D porous Ni foam and MnNi3O4/Ni composite electrode [89]; (c) SEM image of Cu0.39Zn0.14Co2.47O4-ZnO/RGO/Cu electrode; (d) cycling performance of Cu0.39Zn0.14Co2.47O4-ZnO/RGO/Cu electrode [90]; (e) high magnification SEM image of 3D porous dendritic current collector [91].

Fig. 6. (a, b) The fabrication process and design principle of CuO nanoarray electrode; (c) schematic illustration of the microstructural evolution from CuO to R-CuO. (d) SEM images of R-CuO; (e) TEM image of R-CuO; (f) galvanostatic curves of R-CuO at varied currents; (g) electrochemical durability test of R-CuO [96]; (h) schematic diagram of the preparation of Bi/Ni, and redox potentials and chemical reaction of Ni and Bi3+ [97].

Fig. 7. (a) and (b) SEM image and schematic diagram of CNT/3D porous Ni foam electrode coated with carbon-coated Si/rGO nanostructures; (c) cycle performance and coulombic efficiency at 0.1 C for 50 cycles [100]; (d) and (e) coulombic efficiency at current densities of Li-ZMNF half cells; SEM images of (f) pristine NF electrode and (g) ZMMF electrode deposited Li for the first cycle [104].

Fig. 8. (a) Synthetic illustration for preparing Ru/PC [113]; (b) schematic and rate capacity of 3D-PC; (c) cycling performance of 3D-PC [111]; TEM and HRTEM images of the porous carbon with different preparation conditions: (d, e) HC-B, (f, g) HC-C [115].

Fig. 9. (a) Snapshots drawn by the program VESTA. Brown of MgO/carbon and MgO-removed structure; HRTEM image of (b) HC600(P100:0) and (c) HC600-1500(P100:0); (d) charge-discharge curves of different hard carbon; (e) rate tests of HC600-1500(F50:50) [116].

Fig. 10. (a) digital images of Sb2S5-GO with different states; (b) digital images of Sb2S5-GF-8 composites of different sizes; (c) SEM images of Sb2S5-GF-8; (d) LED panel powered by full cells; (e) cycling performance of composite electrodes [121]; (f) TEM image of graphene foam and (g) corresponding high magnification image; (h) schematic diagram of button battery structure; (i) cycling performance of N-doped graphene foam electrode [122].

Fig. 11. (a, b) SEM images, digital photo and TEM image of 3DGNW; (c) a solid-state pyrolysis process; (d) cycling test of 3DGNW electrodes [124]; (e) SEM images of graphene microspheres; electrochemical performance test of the nTiO2@GF electrode: (f) CV curves with different scan rate, (g) cycling performance [125].

Fig. 12. (a) Schematic of the structure of the battery; (b) SEM images of electrode microstructure [128]; (c) SEM image of GF/Si-2 electrode; (d) cycling performance of GF/Si-2 composite [129].

Fig. 13. (a) Schematic of MoO3/graphene composite; (b) SEM image of 3D porous graphene; (c) charge-discharge curves of MoO3/graphene composite [134]; (d) schematic illustration and cycling performance of nanoporous graphene [135].

Fig. 14. (a) Schematic of NPRP@RGO; (b) cycling performance of NPRP@RGO [138]; (c) schematic illustration of P@RGO synthesis; (d) TEM image of the P@RGO composite; (e) the flexibility test of the P@RGO composite; (f) cross-section image of P@RGO composite; (g, h) rate performance and charge-discharge curves of P@RGO composite [139].

Table 1. Summary on electrochemical characteristics of 3D nanoarchitecture anodes for LIBs and SIBs

Materials	Synthetic method	Battery type	Current Density	Cycles Number	Capacity (mAh g^-1)	Capacity (%) retention	Electrolyte	Refs.
Cu_0.39Zn_0.14Co_2.47O₄ZnO/RGO/Cu	self-sacrificing templates	Li	0.1 A g^-1	50	1762	—	LiPF₆ /EC/DEC	[90]
Si/rGO	novel binder-free Si-based anode	Li	130 mA g^-1	900	2700	70	LiPF₆ /EC/EMC	[108]
Li_6.4La₃Zr₂A_l0.2O₁₂	plating/stripping process	Li	5 mA g^-1	1625	1600	78	LiTFSI/LiNO₃/DOL/DME	[140]
TiNb₂O₇(NPTNO)	sol-gel method	Li	50 C	1000	210	74	—	[81]
3D-NP SiGe	chemical dealloyingmethod	Li	1000 mA g^-1	150	1158	75.6	LiPF₆/CMC	[141]
NPG/MnO2	chemically dealloying method	Li	500 mAg^-1	240	600	63	LiPF₆ /EC/EDC	[142]
Mg2Si	magnesiothermic reduction	Li	5 Ag^-1	500	1292	—	LiPF₆ /EC/EDC	[143]
np-Ni@NiO/MnO	chemically dealloying method	Li	100 mA g^-1	200	1172	105	LiPF₆ /EC	[86]
Con@N-C-1	template-sacrificed method	Li	0.1C	800	1587	63	LiPF₆EC/DEC	[120]
nTiO2@GF	chemical vapor deposition	Li	20C	100	204	96	LiPF₆ /EC/DMC	[144]
GF/Si-2	Facile freeze-drying method	Li	1 A g^-1	1200	1170	90	HCL/LiPF₆	[145]
MoO₃/graphene	chemical vapor deposition	Li	0.25 A g^-1	—	710	—	LiPF₆ /EC/DMC	[134]
P₂-Na₂/3Ni1/3Mn1/2Ti1/6O₂	MgO-template technique	Na	—	35	478	88	LiC₆	[116]
CCs	High temperature poreclosing strategy	Na	2C	2000	360	71	NaPF₆/EC/DMC	[146]
HC-21-1400	precisely chemical regulation	Na	0.2C	40	410	96	—	[147]
Sb2S5	hydrothermal co-assembly strategy	Na	0.1 A g^-1	300	845	91.6	Na₃(VO0.5)₂(PO4)2F₂/C	[148]
3DGNW	template strategy	Na	0.1c	1000	545	41	LiPF₆ /EC/DMC	[124]
N-doped carbon	ionothermal carbonization	Na	0.1 C	160	496	96	NaClO₄/EC/DEC/PC	[149]
Sb/C	solid-state reduction chemistry	Na	300 mA g^-1	200	436	98	NaClO₄ /PC/TCI	[150]
ZNP/C	direct annealing	Na	0.5 A g^-1	1000	359	93	NaClO₄ EC/DMC	[151]
Carbon tube	carbonization method	Na	100 mA g^-1	430	231	84	NaClO₄/EC/DEC	[152]
SnO₂/Cu	cold-rolling and anodization	Na	0.2 C	200	326	—	NaClO₄/PC/FEC	[153]

Table 1. Summary on electrochemical characteristics of 3D nanoarchitecture anodes for LIBs and SIBs

Materials	Synthetic method	Battery type	Current Density	Cycles Number	Capacity (mAh g^-1)	Capacity (%) retention	Electrolyte	Refs.
Cu_0.39Zn_0.14Co_2.47O₄ZnO/RGO/Cu	self-sacrificing templates	Li	0.1 A g^-1	50	1762	—	LiPF₆ /EC/DEC	[90]
Si/rGO	novel binder-free Si-based anode	Li	130 mA g^-1	900	2700	70	LiPF₆ /EC/EMC	[108]
Li_6.4La₃Zr₂A_l0.2O₁₂	plating/stripping process	Li	5 mA g^-1	1625	1600	78	LiTFSI/LiNO₃/DOL/DME	[140]
TiNb₂O₇(NPTNO)	sol-gel method	Li	50 C	1000	210	74	—	[81]
3D-NP SiGe	chemical dealloyingmethod	Li	1000 mA g^-1	150	1158	75.6	LiPF₆/CMC	[141]
NPG/MnO2	chemically dealloying method	Li	500 mAg^-1	240	600	63	LiPF₆ /EC/EDC	[142]
Mg2Si	magnesiothermic reduction	Li	5 Ag^-1	500	1292	—	LiPF₆ /EC/EDC	[143]
np-Ni@NiO/MnO	chemically dealloying method	Li	100 mA g^-1	200	1172	105	LiPF₆ /EC	[86]
Con@N-C-1	template-sacrificed method	Li	0.1C	800	1587	63	LiPF₆EC/DEC	[120]
nTiO2@GF	chemical vapor deposition	Li	20C	100	204	96	LiPF₆ /EC/DMC	[144]
GF/Si-2	Facile freeze-drying method	Li	1 A g^-1	1200	1170	90	HCL/LiPF₆	[145]
MoO₃/graphene	chemical vapor deposition	Li	0.25 A g^-1	—	710	—	LiPF₆ /EC/DMC	[134]
P₂-Na₂/3Ni1/3Mn1/2Ti1/6O₂	MgO-template technique	Na	—	35	478	88	LiC₆	[116]
CCs	High temperature poreclosing strategy	Na	2C	2000	360	71	NaPF₆/EC/DMC	[146]
HC-21-1400	precisely chemical regulation	Na	0.2C	40	410	96	—	[147]
Sb2S5	hydrothermal co-assembly strategy	Na	0.1 A g^-1	300	845	91.6	Na₃(VO0.5)₂(PO4)2F₂/C	[148]
3DGNW	template strategy	Na	0.1c	1000	545	41	LiPF₆ /EC/DMC	[124]
N-doped carbon	ionothermal carbonization	Na	0.1 C	160	496	96	NaClO₄/EC/DEC/PC	[149]
Sb/C	solid-state reduction chemistry	Na	300 mA g^-1	200	436	98	NaClO₄ /PC/TCI	[150]
ZNP/C	direct annealing	Na	0.5 A g^-1	1000	359	93	NaClO₄ EC/DMC	[151]
Carbon tube	carbonization method	Na	100 mA g^-1	430	231	84	NaClO₄/EC/DEC	[152]
SnO₂/Cu	cold-rolling and anodization	Na	0.2 C	200	326	—	NaClO₄/PC/FEC	[153]

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