Interlayer gap widened TiS2 for highly efficient sodium-ion storage

doi:10.1016/j.jmst.2021.08.035

Abstract

Abstract:

As an alternative for lithium-ion batteries (LIBs), sodium-ion batteries (SIBs) have lately received tremendous interest due to their abundant reserves as well as low cost. Nevertheless, the lack of suitable anode materials severely hinders the application of sodium-ion batteries. TiS₂ is elected as a representative material owing to its unique layered structure. But it always suffers from capacity fade due to poor electrochemical kinetics and structural stability. In this work, we fabricate a pre-potassiated TiS₂ as a host material for sodium storage by an electrochemical pre-potassiation strategy. The intercalation/extraction mechanism, structural changes and reaction kinetics are completely investigated to reveal the outstanding electrochemical property of pre-potassiated TiS₂ electrode. It turns out that the large interlayer space of pre-potassiated TiS₂ is conducive to the diffusion of sodium ions, inducing the reduction of entropic barrier for the electrochemical reactions. In addition, the pre-potassiated host structure is still firmly maintained upon repeated cycles. Therefore, the pre-potassiated TiS₂ presents superior rate capability (165.9 mA h g^-1 at 1 C and 132.1 mA h g ^-1 at 20 C) and long-term cycling stability (85.3% capacity retention at 5 C after 500 cycles) for SIBs. This research provides an avenue to construct long-life sodium energy storage systems based on pre-potassiated TiS₂.

Key words: Pre-potassiation, TiS₂, Expanded interlayer gap, Anode material, Sodium-ion batteries

Chengcheng Huang, Yiwen Liu, Runtian Zheng, Zhengwei Yang, Zhonghao Miao, Junwei Zhang, Xinhao Cai, Haoxiang Yu, Liyuan Zhang, Jie Shu. Interlayer gap widened TiS₂ for highly efficient sodium-ion storage[J]. J. Mater. Sci. Technol., 2022, 107: 64-69.

Figures/Tables 5

Fig. 1. (a) The schematic illustration of electrochemical pre-potassiation for TiS2. (b) XRD pattern of TiS2 with Rietveld refinement. (c) XRD patterns of pre-potassiated TiS2 and pristine TiS2.

Fig. 2. (a) TEM image of pristine TiS2. (b) HRTEM image of pristine TiS2, inset is the lattice spacing of (001) plane. (c) TEM image of pre-potassiated TiS2, inset is the TEM-EDX elemental mapping. (d) HRTEM image of pre-potassiated TiS2, inset is the lattice spacing of (001) plane.

Fig. 3. (a) CV curves of pre-potassiated TiS2 and pristine TiS2 collected in the second cycle at a scan rate of 0.1 mV s -1. (b) The initial three galvanostatic charge/discharge curves of pristine TiS2 at 1 C. (c) The initial three galvanostatic charge-discharge curves of pre-potassiated TiS2 at 1 C. (d) Long-term cycling performance of pre-potassiated TiS2 and pristine TiS2 at 1 C. (e) Rate performance at current density from 1 C to 20 C of pre-potassiated TiS2 and pristine TiS2. (f) Long-term cycling performance of pre-potassiated TiS2 and corresponding Coulombic efficiency at 5 C.

Fig. 4. (a-d) EDS elemental mapping with the elements of S, K and Ti of pre-potassiated TiS2 after 500 cycles. (e-g) TEM images of pre-potassiated TiS2 after 500 cycles. (h) SAED pattern of pre-potassiated TiS2 after 500 cycles.

Fig. 6. (a) GITT curves, (b) representative single step of GITT behavior and (c) the evolution of log (DNa+) as a function of time for pristine TiS2. (a) GITT curves, (b) representative single step of GITT behavior and (c) the evolution of log (DNa+) as a function of time for pre-potassiated TiS2.

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Interlayer gap widened TiS₂ for highly efficient sodium-ion storage

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