J. Mater. Sci. Technol. ›› 2020, Vol. 43: 1-13.DOI: 10.1016/j.jmst.2019.12.007
• Research Article • Next Articles
Zhiqiang Zhangab, Changshu Heab*(
), Ying Liab, Lei Yuc, Su Zhaoc, Xiang Zhaoab
Received:2019-10-15
Revised:2019-11-30
Accepted:2019-12-03
Published:2020-04-15
Online:2020-04-26
Contact:
He Changshu
Zhiqiang Zhang, Changshu He, Ying Li, Lei Yu, Su Zhao, Xiang Zhao. Effects of ultrasonic assisted friction stir welding on flow behavior, microstructure and mechanical properties of 7N01-T4 aluminum alloy joints[J]. J. Mater. Sci. Technol., 2020, 43: 1-13.
| Si | Fe | Cu | Mn | Mg | Cr | Zn | V | Zr | Ti | Al |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 0.074 | 0.163 | 0.076 | 0.435 | 1.03 | 0.016 | 4.48 | 0.015 | 0.2 | 0.021 | Balance |
Table 1 Chemical composition of the 7N01 aluminum alloy (wt%).
| Si | Fe | Cu | Mn | Mg | Cr | Zn | V | Zr | Ti | Al |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 0.074 | 0.163 | 0.076 | 0.435 | 1.03 | 0.016 | 4.48 | 0.015 | 0.2 | 0.021 | Balance |
Fig. 1. (a) Schematic diagram of UAFSW system and (b) experimental setup of UAFSW.
Fig. 2. (a) Schematic diagram of pure aluminum foil (marker material) position and (b) sketch map of welding process.
Fig. 3. Macrostructure of the FSW joints obtained at different welding speeds: (a) 80 mm/min, (b) 160 mm/min, (c) 200 mm/min and (d) 240 mm/min.
Fig. 4. Macrostructure of the UAFSW joints obtained at different welding speeds: (a) 80 mm/min, (b) 160 mm/min, (c) 200 mm/min, (d) 240 mm/min, (e) 300 mm/min and (f) 340 mm/min.
Fig. 5. Tunneling defect of the joints: (a) FSW-240 mm/min and (b) UAFSW-340 mm/min.
Fig. 6. Comparison of surface topography of the joints: (a) surface appearance of the joint, (b) surface profile results, (c) 3D morphology of FSW and (d) 3D morphology of UAFSW.
Fig. 7. Variation of the Z-axis force with time in FSW and UAFSW experiments.
Fig. 8. Cross-sectional macrographs of the joints: (a) FSW and (b) UAFSW.
Fig. 9. Microstructures in the TZ: (a) FSW and (b) UAFSW.
Fig. 10. Distribution of deformed aluminum foil in the SDZ of joints: (a) FSW and (b) UAFSW.
Fig. 11. Optical micrographs of the interface between the NZ and the thermo-mechanically affected zone (TMAZ): (a) FSW and (b) UAFSW.
Fig. 12. Distribution of deformed aluminum foil in the PDZ and SWZ of the joints: (a) FSW and (b) UAFSW.
Fig. 13. EBSD grain boundary maps at various depths in the NZ of the joints: (a) FSW-1 mm, (b) UAFSW-1 mm, (c) FSW-3 mm, (d) UAFSW-3 mm, (e) FSW-5 mm and (f) UAFSW-5 mm.
| Detection region | Average grain size (μm) | Standard deviation of AGS | Proportion of recrystallized grains (%) | Proportion of substructured grains (%) | Proportion of deformed grains (%) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| FSW-1mm | 5.8 | ±3.51 | 81.4 | 15.3 | 3.3 |
| UAFSW-1mm | 4.7 | ±2.81 | 76.8 | 17.3 | 5.9 |
| FSW-3mm | 5.0 | ±3.45 | 81.2 | 14.2 | 4.6 |
| UAFSW-3mm | 4.1 | ±2.76 | 78.2 | 14.9 | 6.9 |
| FSW-5mm | 3.5 | ±2.03 | 80.9 | 9.6 | 9.5 |
| UAFSW-5mm | 3.4 | ±2.04 | 79.8 | 9.7 | 10.5 |
Table 2 Average grain size and the proportion of different types of grains at different depths in the NZ of the joints.
| Detection region | Average grain size (μm) | Standard deviation of AGS | Proportion of recrystallized grains (%) | Proportion of substructured grains (%) | Proportion of deformed grains (%) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| FSW-1mm | 5.8 | ±3.51 | 81.4 | 15.3 | 3.3 |
| UAFSW-1mm | 4.7 | ±2.81 | 76.8 | 17.3 | 5.9 |
| FSW-3mm | 5.0 | ±3.45 | 81.2 | 14.2 | 4.6 |
| UAFSW-3mm | 4.1 | ±2.76 | 78.2 | 14.9 | 6.9 |
| FSW-5mm | 3.5 | ±2.03 | 80.9 | 9.6 | 9.5 |
| UAFSW-5mm | 3.4 | ±2.04 | 79.8 | 9.7 | 10.5 |
Fig. 14. (a) Magnified grain boundary map of rectangle in Fig. 13(a) and (b) magnified grain boundary map of rectangle in Fig. 13(b).
Fig. 15. Grain size distribution of NZ at various depths of the joints: (a) 1 mm from the top surface, (b) 3 mm from the top surface and (c) 5 mm from the top surface.
Fig. 16. Microhardness profiles along the mid-thickness of the joints for different natural aging times: (a) 120 h, (b) 720 h and (c) 4320 h.
Fig. 17. Mechanical properties of the BM and the joints at different natural aging times.
Fig. 18. Tensile fracture locations of the joints after 120 h of PWNA: (a) FSW, (b) UAFSW, (c) side view of FSW and (d) side view of UAFSW.
Fig. 19. Fracture surfaces of the tensile samples after 120 h of PWNA: (a) top of NZ in FSW, (b) magnified image of rectangle region in (a), (c) HAZ of UAFSW and (d) magnified image of rectangle region in (c).
Fig. 20. Tensile fracture locations and fracture surfaces of the tensile samples after 720 and 4320 h of PWNA: (a); (c) FSW, (b); (d) UAFSW, (e) fracture surface of FSW after 4320 h of PWNA and (f) fracture surface of UAFSW after 4320 h of PWNA.
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