J. Mater. Sci. Technol. ›› 2021, Vol. 69: 96-105.DOI: 10.1016/j.jmst.2020.08.022
• Research Article • Previous Articles Next Articles
Yoon Hwaa, Christopher S. Kumaia, Thomas M. Devinea,*(), Nancy Yangb, Joshua K. Yeeb, Ryan Hardwickb, Kai Burgmannb
Received:
2020-05-19
Revised:
2020-05-27
Accepted:
2020-05-30
Published:
2021-04-10
Online:
2021-05-15
Contact:
Thomas M. Devine
About author:
*E-mail address: devine@berkeley.edu (T.M. Devine).Yoon Hwa, Christopher S. Kumai, Thomas M. Devine, Nancy Yang, Joshua K. Yee, Ryan Hardwick, Kai Burgmann. Microstructural banding of directed energy deposition-additively manufactured 316L stainless steel[J]. J. Mater. Sci. Technol., 2021, 69: 96-105.
Cr (w/o) | Ni (w/o) | Mo (w/o) | C (w/o) | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Manufacturer’s specification of 316 L powder for DED-AM cylinder | 16.0 - 18.0 | 10.0 - 14.0 | 2.0 - 3.0 | 0.03 max |
316 L plate used in 750 Optomec LENS (measured by SEM-EDX) | 16.5 | 9.2 | 2.1 | |
316 L plate used with IPG 500 W laser (measured by SEM-EDX) | 16.9 | 9.7 | 1.9 |
Table 1 Composition of 316L SS.
Cr (w/o) | Ni (w/o) | Mo (w/o) | C (w/o) | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Manufacturer’s specification of 316 L powder for DED-AM cylinder | 16.0 - 18.0 | 10.0 - 14.0 | 2.0 - 3.0 | 0.03 max |
316 L plate used in 750 Optomec LENS (measured by SEM-EDX) | 16.5 | 9.2 | 2.1 | |
316 L plate used with IPG 500 W laser (measured by SEM-EDX) | 16.9 | 9.7 | 1.9 |
Fig. 1. (a) Microstructure of DED-AM cylinder of 316 L SS. The structure consists of alternate layers grown (i) perpendicular to and (ii) horizontally parallel to the plane of the photograph. (b) High magnification image of interior of hatch of DED-AM cylinder of 316 L SS, showing its CS structure. The etching of the cell boundaries indicates the intercellular region is chromium-rich, which indicates the primary mode of cellular solidification is austenitic.
Fig. 3. Microstructure of LM track K formed with a laser power of 200 W, a translation speed of 4.0 mm/s, and without jets of argon gas. (a) Cross-sectional surface, (b) Longitudinal surface and (c) Top/free surface.
Fig. 4. Microstructure of LM track H formed with a laser power of 200 W, a translation speed of 4.0 mm/s and with jets of argon. (a) Cross-sectional surface, (b) Longitudinal surface and (c) Top/free surface.
Fig. 5. Top surface of LM Track H formed with laser power of 200 W, a translation speed of 4.0 mm/s, and with jets of argon. Surface was ground, polished and etched, which brought out microstructural bands that appear to correlate with surface ripples. (a) Low magnification and (b) High magnification.
Fig. 6. Sketch of the proposed mechanism of formation of a solidification band. (a) Laser beam and jets of argon create a cavity-containing melt pool. (b) Solidification of cavity-containing melt pool when pool translates from under the laser. Jets of argon delay the refilling of the cavity. (c) Solidification of liquid that refilled the cavity, creating a solidification band.
Fig. 7. Microstructure of LM track formed with laser power of 300 W and translation speed of 5 mm/s, and without jets of argon. Surface was ground, polished and potentiostatically etched in concentrated nitric acid for 10 s. (a) (i, ii) OM of cross section of LM track. (b) (i-iv) SEM of cross-section of LM track. b(iii) shows region adjacent to central equiaxed region. (b) (iv) shows heavy band. OMs of c top surface and (d) longitudinal surface of LM track. (e) OM of color-etched LM track. The ferrite phase is present as white-colored regions within the blue-colored and brown-colored oval regions, which are the portions of the cells’ cores that have transformed to austenite from ferrite.
Laser Power | Measured Half-width | Calculated Half-width |
---|---|---|
54 W | 73 μm | 41 μm |
75 W | 100 μm | 58 μm |
101 W | 150 μm | 80 μm |
200 W | 270 μm | 145 μm |
300 W | 360 μm | 195 μm |
Table A2 Comparison of Measured Half-width of LM Track with Half-width Calculated Assuming Heat Transfer by Conduction Only.
Laser Power | Measured Half-width | Calculated Half-width |
---|---|---|
54 W | 73 μm | 41 μm |
75 W | 100 μm | 58 μm |
101 W | 150 μm | 80 μm |
200 W | 270 μm | 145 μm |
300 W | 360 μm | 195 μm |
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