J. Mater. Sci. Technol. ›› 2022, Vol. 111: 99-110.DOI: 10.1016/j.jmst.2021.09.038
• Research Article • Previous Articles Next Articles
Vioni Dwi Sartikaa,1, Won Seok Choia,1, Gwanghyo Choia, Jaewook Hana,b, Sung-Jin Changc, Won-Seok Kod, Blazej Grabowskie, Pyuck-Pa Choia,*(
)
Received:2021-05-21
Revised:2021-09-15
Accepted:2021-09-15
Published:2022-06-10
Online:2021-11-26
Contact:
Pyuck-Pa Choi
About author:* Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Republic of Korea. E-mail address: p.choi@kaist.ac.kr (P.-P. Choi).1These authors contributed equally to this work.
Vioni Dwi Sartika, Won Seok Choi, Gwanghyo Choi, Jaewook Han, Sung-Jin Chang, Won-Seok Ko, Blazej Grabowski, Pyuck-Pa Choi. Joining dissimilar metal of Ti and CoCrMo using directed energy deposition[J]. J. Mater. Sci. Technol., 2022, 111: 99-110.
| Alloy | Chemical composition, at.% | Empty Cell | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Ti | Co | Cr | Mo | Mn | Si | Fe | C | N | O | |
| CP-Ti | Bal. | 0.3 | 0.3 | |||||||
| CCM | Bal. | 31.13 | 3.42 | 0.77 | 1.44 | 0.11 | 0.12 | 0.73 | ||
Table 1. Chemical compositions of CP-Ti and CCM powders.
| Alloy | Chemical composition, at.% | Empty Cell | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Ti | Co | Cr | Mo | Mn | Si | Fe | C | N | O | |
| CP-Ti | Bal. | 0.3 | 0.3 | |||||||
| CCM | Bal. | 31.13 | 3.42 | 0.77 | 1.44 | 0.11 | 0.12 | 0.73 | ||
Fig. 1. (a) SEM images of CP-Ti and CCM powder, (b) schematic figure of joining Ti on CCM using directed energy deposition, and the cross-sectional area of the clad bead for defining (c) geometrical dilution [33] and (d) chemical dilution [34].
| Powder feed rate (g/min) | Laser power (W) | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| 150 | 225 | 300 | |
| 0.5 | A | B | C |
| 1 | D | E | F |
| 2 | G | H | I |
| 3 | J | K | L |
Table 2. Sample denotation and process parameters for DED.
| Powder feed rate (g/min) | Laser power (W) | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| 150 | 225 | 300 | |
| 0.5 | A | B | C |
| 1 | D | E | F |
| 2 | G | H | I |
| 3 | J | K | L |
Fig. 2. SEM-BSE images of joined Ti-CCM for each specimen (a) A, (b) B, (c) C, (d) D, (e) E, (f) F, (g) G, (h) H, (i) I, (j) J, (k) K, (l) L. The red arrows demonstrate the location and direction of EDS line scan in Fig. 2(b), (e), (h), and (k). Variations of Co-concentration in the cladding layer are indicated by different straight lines.
Fig. 3. Chemical concentration of clad layer to CCM substrate in specimen (a) B, (b) E, (c) H, (d) K. The chemical content shows evolution of Co-rich zone into pure Ti layer corresponds to the powder feed rate.
Fig. 4. EBSD images are taken on several specimens with 225 W laser power, (a) IPF map (b) phase maps, (c) magnified image of phase map specimen B; (d) IPF map, (e) phase map, (f) magnified image of phase map specimen E; (g) IPF map, (h) phase map, and (i) magnified image of phase map specimen H; (j) IPF and (k) phase map of specimen K, and (l) magnified image of phase map specimen K.
Fig. 5. The relationship of dilution rate, phases fraction, and crack density of specimens B, E, H, and K.
Fig. 6. Elastic modulus and hardness values of individual phases in the specimen K acquired from nanoindentation measurement. Reference elastic modulus of α-Ti [66], CoTi [49], h-Co2Ti [67], c-Co2Ti [68], CCM [69]; hardness of Ti [70], CCM [71].
Fig. 7. Coefficient of thermal expansion (CTE) expected by the (a) quasiharmonic approximation (QHA) and (b) Debye-Grüneisen model, in comparison with previous experimental data [72].
Fig. 8. (a) Schematic illustration of the cooling stages from high temperature which leads to residual stress. (b) The calculated residual stress of adjoining phases. The gray bars represent the residual stress of adjoining phases, which were actually detected by EBSD, while the black bars indicate other possible combinations.
| Phase | CTE (K-1) | Thermal strain | E (GPa) | YS (MPa) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| α-Ti | 11.6 × 10-6 | 8.1 × 10-3 | 128.7 | 500 [78] |
| CoTi | 12.0 × 10-6 | 8.4 × 10-3 | 142.8 | 100 T [79]-62 C [79] |
| h-Co2Ti | 16.4 × 10-6 | 11.5 × 10-3 | 258.3 | - |
| c-Co2Ti | 17.3 × 10-6 | 12.1 × 10-3 | 258.3 | - |
| CCM | 17.1 × 10-6 | 12.0 × 10-3 | 235.9 | 800 [80] |
Table 3. Data for residual stress calculation.
| Phase | CTE (K-1) | Thermal strain | E (GPa) | YS (MPa) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| α-Ti | 11.6 × 10-6 | 8.1 × 10-3 | 128.7 | 500 [78] |
| CoTi | 12.0 × 10-6 | 8.4 × 10-3 | 142.8 | 100 T [79]-62 C [79] |
| h-Co2Ti | 16.4 × 10-6 | 11.5 × 10-3 | 258.3 | - |
| c-Co2Ti | 17.3 × 10-6 | 12.1 × 10-3 | 258.3 | - |
| CCM | 17.1 × 10-6 | 12.0 × 10-3 | 235.9 | 800 [80] |
Fig. 9. Relationship between processing parameters with (a) thickness of cladding layers, (b) coefficient of variation on thickness, (c) classification of clad Ti based on dilution rate, (d) estimated Co2Ti fraction in cladding layers.
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