Nucleation kinetics of paramagnetic and diamagnetic metal melts under a high magnetic field

doi:10.1016/j.jmst.2020.09.037

Abstract

Abstract:

The influence of a high magnetic field (HMF) on the nucleation kinetics of paramagnetic aluminum and diamagnetic zinc melts has been investigated by differential thermal analysis (DTA). It is found that the application of an HMF increases the undercooling of pure aluminum and pure zinc at the same heating-cooling rates. Moreover, the quantitative analysis of activation energy calculated from the DTA results using the Kissinger method manifests that the HMF reduces the activation energy of pure aluminum and pure zinc. Regardless of magnetism, the nucleation frequency under an HMF is higher than that without an HMF. Furthermore, the increase in undercooling under the HMF is mainly attributed to the increase of the contact angle, calculated by the functional relationship between the cooling rate and undercooling. This result is consistent with the increase of the calculated nucleation work for pure aluminum and pure zinc. Additionally, the increase in undercooling caused by the HMF is partly ascribed to the magnetic field-induced suppression of thermal convection in the undercooled melt.

Key words: Undercooling, Activation energy, Nucleation work, High magnetic field

Zhipeng Long, Qiuyue Jiang, Jiantao Wang, Long Hou, Xing Yu, Yves Fautrelle, Zhongming Ren, Xi Li. Nucleation kinetics of paramagnetic and diamagnetic metal melts under a high magnetic field[J]. J. Mater. Sci. Technol., 2021, 73: 165-170.

Figures/Tables 8

Table 1 Impurities in 5 N pure aluminum and pure zinc.

Specimen	Impurity	Concentration (ppm)	Impurity	Concentration (ppm)
Pure aluminum	Ag, Sn, Na, Pb	≤0.05	Cr, Mn	≤0.11
Pure aluminum	Ti, V, Ni, Zn	≤0.32	Mg, Si, Fe, Cu	≤2.6
Pure zinc	Ag, Ni, Co	≤0.1	Mg, Cu, In, Fe, As, Al	≤0.5
Pure zinc	Cd, Sn	≤1.0	Pb	≤1.5

Fig. 1. DTA curves of pure aluminum (a, c) and pure zinc (b, d) at different heating-cooling rates with and without a 12 T HMF. The solid lines, dash lines represent 0 T, 12 T HMF, respectively. (a, b) the melting endothermic curves; (c, d) the solidification exothermic curves.

Fig. 2. Undercoolings measured at different heating-cooling rates under various HMFs. (a) pure aluminum; (b) pure zinc.

Fig. 3. Plot of ln(ΔT/β) vs. 1/TnΔT2 at different heating-cooling rates under various HMFs. (a) pure aluminum; (b) pure zinc.

Fig. 4. Plot of $\text{ln}\left( \beta /T_{\text{p}}^{2} \right)$ vs. 1/Tp using endothermic peak temperatures extracted from Figs. 1(a, b) and S1(a, b) in Supplementary Material under various HMFs. (a) pure aluminum; (b) pure zinc.

Table 2 Results of the slope for activation energy and nucleation work of pure aluminum extracted from Figs. 4(a) and 5 (a).

HMF intensities (T)	Slope		Activation energy ΔE_a(10⁵Jmol^-1)	Nucleation work ΔG_K(10^-19Jmol^-1)
HMF intensities (T)	-ΔE_a/R (K)	ΔG_K/k (K)	Activation energy ΔE_a(10⁵Jmol^-1)	Nucleation work ΔG_K(10^-19Jmol^-1)
0	-60749.10 ± 1439.21	11955.73 ± 814.20	5.0510 ± 0.1197	1.6499 ± 0.1124
4	-60466.00 ± 1970.77	13476.76 ± 1140.40	5.0274 ± 0.1639	1.8598 ± 0.1574
8	-60107.84 ± 4085.00	14509.46 ± 1997.47	4.9977 ± 0.3396	2.0023 ± 0.2757
12	-59170.64 ± 2894.98	15348.15 ± 652.06	4.9197 ± 0.2407	2.1180 ± 0.8998

Table 3 Results of the slope for activation energy and nucleation work of pure zinc extracted from Figs. 4(b) and 5 (b).

HMF intensities (T)	Slope		Activation energy ΔE_a(10⁵Jmol^-1)	Nucleation work ΔG_K(10^-19Jmol^-1)
HMF intensities (T)	-ΔE_a/R (K)	ΔG_K/k (K)	Activation energy ΔE_a(10⁵Jmol^-1)	Nucleation work ΔG_K(10^-19Jmol^-1)
0	-58677.11 ± 1675.29	11233.35 ± 1788.51	4.8787 ± 0.1393	1.5502 ± 0.2468
4	-55253.51 ± 2981.68	12009.24 ± 1178.78	4.5941 ± 0.2479	1.6573 ± 0.1627
8	-52875.43 ± 1633.61	14022.61 ± 2246.13	4.3963 ± 0.1358	1.9351 ± 0.3100
12	-50334.43 ± 1930.34	14596.60 ± 1343.12	4.1851 ± 0.1605	2.0143 ± 0.1854

Fig. 5. Plot of $\text{ln}\left[ \beta \left( 3{{T}_{\text{p}}}-{{T}_{\text{n}}} \right)/T_{\text{p}}^{2}{{\left( {{T}_{\text{n}}}-{{T}_{\text{p}}} \right)}^{3}} \right]$ vs. -1/Tp using exothermic peak temperatures extracted from Figs. 1(c, d) and S1(c, d) in Supplementary Material under various HMFs. (a) pure aluminum; (b) pure zinc.

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