J. Mater. Sci. Technol. ›› 2021, Vol. 69: 228-238.DOI: 10.1016/j.jmst.2020.08.024
• Research Article • Previous Articles Next Articles
Jiayi Zhang, Yan Jin Lee, Hao Wang*(
)
Received:2020-05-22
Revised:2020-07-09
Accepted:2020-07-11
Published:2021-04-10
Online:2021-05-15
Contact:
Hao Wang
About author:*E-mail address: mpewhao@nus.edu.sg (H. Wang).Jiayi Zhang, Yan Jin Lee, Hao Wang. Mechanochemical effect on the microstructure and mechanical properties in ultraprecision machining of AA6061 alloy[J]. J. Mater. Sci. Technol., 2021, 69: 228-238.
Fig. 1. (a) Experimental setup (the inserted picture indicating the locations of Sample A and Sample B) and (b) schematic of orthogonal cutting (Fc and Ft are the cutting and thrust forces, respectively).
Fig. 2. The experimental cutting and thrust forces of the two samples during microcutting, the optical micrographs indicate the cross-section of chip formation and measured thicknesses of chips.
Fig. 3. Microhardness of the pre-machined surface and microgrooves for AA6061 alloy.
Fig. 4. EBSD orientation distribution color maps of (a) Sample A (without ink) and (b) Sample B (with ink), and inverse pole figure is inserted: red indicates {001}, blue for {111}, and green for {110} direction (CD: cutting direction; RD: radial direction).
Fig. 5. EBSD maps showing the grain types (recrystallized, substructured and deformed grain) of samples: (a) Sample A, (b) Sample B, and grain type volume fractions of samples: (c) Sample A, (d) Sample B.
Fig. 6. EBSD maps of LAGBs (in red line) and HAGBs (in yellow line): (a) Sample A and (b) Sample B.
Fig. 7. (111) pole figures of two samples: (a) Sample A and (b) Sample B.
Fig. 8. ODF maps of the samples: (a) Sample A, (b) Sample B and (c) schematic structure of main textures in (?1, Φ, ?2).
| Sample | Volume fraction (%) | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Brass | Copper | Cube | Goss | S | R | |
| A | 14.9 | 23.5 | 2.4 | 2.4 | 30.7 | 1.6 |
| B | 3.0 | 2.2 | 1.9 | 31.3 | 1.2 | 23.4 |
Table 1 Volume fractions of texture components in the samples.
| Sample | Volume fraction (%) | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Brass | Copper | Cube | Goss | S | R | |
| A | 14.9 | 23.5 | 2.4 | 2.4 | 30.7 | 1.6 |
| B | 3.0 | 2.2 | 1.9 | 31.3 | 1.2 | 23.4 |
Fig. 9. (a) TEM sample sampling location, and TEM microstructure of the pre-machined surface and microgroove zone of Sample A (without ink during microcutting) prepared by FIB, and the diffraction pattern are taken from the red circles on the micrograph, local amplified (b) the pre-machined surface and (c) the microgroove.
Fig. 10. TEM microstructure of the pre-machined surface and microgroove zone of Sample B (with ink during microcutting) prepared by FIB: (a) the total view, and the diffraction pattern are taken from the red circles on the micrograph, local amplified (b) the microgroove and (c) high solution TEM (HRTEM) and fast Fourier transform (FFT) of β ″ precipitates.
Fig. 11. Schmid factor maps of the samples: (a) Sample A and (b) Sample B.
| Slip systems | Sample A (volume fraction %) | Sample B (volume fraction %) |
|---|---|---|
| (111)[1¯01] | 0 | 0.301 |
| (111)[011¯] | 79.546 | 4.964 |
| (1¯11¯)[1¯1¯0] | 0.195 | 0.078 |
| (1¯11¯)[1¯01] | 0.007 | 0.002 |
| (1¯11¯)[ | 0.056 | 19.459 |
| (1¯1¯1)[11¯0] | 0 | 0.01 |
| (11¯1¯)[1¯1¯0] | 0 | 0.007 |
| (11¯1¯)[ | 9.832 | 42.286 |
| (11¯1¯)[011¯] | 0 | 0.002 |
| (100)[ | 0.381 | 19.482 |
| (001)[ | 5.569 | 0.676 |
| (010)[ | 7.841 | 0.056 |
Table 2 Slip systems and their corresponding volume fractions.
| Slip systems | Sample A (volume fraction %) | Sample B (volume fraction %) |
|---|---|---|
| (111)[1¯01] | 0 | 0.301 |
| (111)[011¯] | 79.546 | 4.964 |
| (1¯11¯)[1¯1¯0] | 0.195 | 0.078 |
| (1¯11¯)[1¯01] | 0.007 | 0.002 |
| (1¯11¯)[ | 0.056 | 19.459 |
| (1¯1¯1)[11¯0] | 0 | 0.01 |
| (11¯1¯)[1¯1¯0] | 0 | 0.007 |
| (11¯1¯)[ | 9.832 | 42.286 |
| (11¯1¯)[011¯] | 0 | 0.002 |
| (100)[ | 0.381 | 19.482 |
| (001)[ | 5.569 | 0.676 |
| (010)[ | 7.841 | 0.056 |
| Textures | σ | ηs | τs |
|---|---|---|---|
| Brass {011}<211> | $\frac{2}{3} \sqrt{6} \tau_{0}$ | $-\frac{1}{2} \sqrt{6} D_{33}$ | $-\frac{2}{3} \sqrt{6} \tau_{0} D_{33}$ |
| Copper {112}<111> | $\frac{3}{2} \sqrt{6} \tau_{0}$ | $-\frac{1}{6} \sqrt{6} D_{33}$ | $-\frac{3}{2} \sqrt{6} \tau_{0} D_{33}$ |
| Goss {011}<100> | $\sqrt{6} \tau_{0}$ | $-\frac{1}{4} \sqrt{6} D_{33}$ | $-\sqrt{6} \tau_{0} D_{33}$ |
| S {123}<412> | $\frac{3}{4} \sqrt{6} \tau_{0}$ | $-\frac{1}{3} \sqrt{2} D_{33}$ | $-\frac{3}{4} \sqrt{2} \tau_{0} D_{33}$ |
| R {124}<211> | $\frac{5}{2} \sqrt{6} \tau_{0}$ | $-\frac{1}{2} \sqrt{6} D_{33}$ | $-\frac{5}{2} \sqrt{6} \tau_{0} D_{33}$ |
Table 3 Volume fractions of texture components in samples, and the stress σ, shear rate ηs and shear stress τs for different textures in active slip systems.
| Textures | σ | ηs | τs |
|---|---|---|---|
| Brass {011}<211> | $\frac{2}{3} \sqrt{6} \tau_{0}$ | $-\frac{1}{2} \sqrt{6} D_{33}$ | $-\frac{2}{3} \sqrt{6} \tau_{0} D_{33}$ |
| Copper {112}<111> | $\frac{3}{2} \sqrt{6} \tau_{0}$ | $-\frac{1}{6} \sqrt{6} D_{33}$ | $-\frac{3}{2} \sqrt{6} \tau_{0} D_{33}$ |
| Goss {011}<100> | $\sqrt{6} \tau_{0}$ | $-\frac{1}{4} \sqrt{6} D_{33}$ | $-\sqrt{6} \tau_{0} D_{33}$ |
| S {123}<412> | $\frac{3}{4} \sqrt{6} \tau_{0}$ | $-\frac{1}{3} \sqrt{2} D_{33}$ | $-\frac{3}{4} \sqrt{2} \tau_{0} D_{33}$ |
| R {124}<211> | $\frac{5}{2} \sqrt{6} \tau_{0}$ | $-\frac{1}{2} \sqrt{6} D_{33}$ | $-\frac{5}{2} \sqrt{6} \tau_{0} D_{33}$ |
Fig. 12. Schematic of the main textures in three-dimensional space.
Fig. 13. TEM observations of dislocations and precipitates in the microgroove of (a) Sample A and (b) local amplified microstructure, (c) Sample B and (d) local amplified microstructure.
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