High-throughput development and applications of the compositional mechanical property map of the β titanium alloys

doi:10.1016/j.jmst.2020.07.035

Abstract

Abstract:

By a combination of the nanoindentation and electron probe microanalysis (EPMA) techniques, the traditional diffusion couple technique is extended to map the mechanical property of β-type Ti alloys over a wide composition range, which can be utilized to develop very versatile novel bio-Ti alloys for hard tissue replacements in artificial bones, joints, and dental implants. To create complete single-phase composition ranges of Ti-based bcc solid solution, 12 types of bcc Ti-Nb-Zr-Mo/Ti-Nb-Zr-Ta quaternary diffusion couples were fabricated and annealed at 1273 K for 25 h. In this way, the composition-mechanical property relationships in the vast composition space of Ti-based alloys were established using EPMA and nanoindentation probes. Notably, the measured composition-dependent Young's moduli, hardness, and elastic recovery as well as the derived ratio of hardness to Young's modulus, and the ratio of the cube of hardness to the square of Young's modulus, in the developed compositional mechanical property database, were visualized in a five-dimensional scatter plot. This enables an effective tool to screen the Ti-Nb-Zr-based alloys for orthopedic and dental applications according to different clinical requirements, and to rationalize the fundamental mechanical relationships in the rapid development of β-Ti alloys.

Key words: Mechanical properties, Ti-Nb-Zr-Mo and Ti-Nb-Zr-Ta alloys, Diffusion couple, Nanoindentation

Jinfeng Ling, Dandan Huang, Kewu Bai, Wei Li, Zhentao Yu, Weimin Chen. High-throughput development and applications of the compositional mechanical property map of the β titanium alloys[J]. J. Mater. Sci. Technol., 2021, 71: 201-210.

Figures/Tables 9

Table 1 List of the nominal alloy compositions for the diffusion couples prepared in the present work.

Diffusion couple	Composition (at.%)
Couple 1/C1	Ti-8.22Nb-2.39Mo/Ti-10.35Zr-1.92Mo
Couple 2/C2	Ti-10.35Zr-1.87Mo/Ti-8.96Nb-10.25Zr
Couple 3/C3	Ti-18.40Nb-20.70 Zr/Ti-16.26Nb-6.07Mo
Couple 4/C4	Ti-16.26Nb-6.07Mo/Ti-20.22Zr-7.18Mo
Couple 5/C5	Ti-22.07Zr-7.48Mo/Ti-19.27Nb-22.20Zr
Couple 6/C6	Ti-30.51Zr-12.50Mo/Ti-26.58Nb-31.10Zr
Couple 7/C7	Ti-8.29Nb-0.64Ta/Ti-10.36Zr-0.85Ta
Couple 8/C8	Ti-10.36Zr-0.85Ta/Ti-8.11Nb-10.40Zr
Couple 9/C9	Ti-15.77Nb-21.27 Zr/Ti-17.76Nb-3.63Ta
Couple 10/C10	Ti-17.76Nb-3.63Ta/Ti-19.74Zr-5.19Ta
Couple 11/C11	Ti-26.78Nb-30.18 Zr/Ti-29.09Nb-7.70Ta
Couple 12/C12	Ti-31.79Zr-7.74Ta/Ti-24.65Nb-31.47Zr

Fig. 1. Measured Young's modulus, hardness, elastic recovery and composition profiles of the bcc Ti-based alloys in the couples of (a) Ti-8.22Nb-2.39Mo/Ti-10.35Zr-1.92Mo and (b) Ti-16.26Nb-6.07Mo/Ti-20.22Zr-7.18Mo annealed at 1273 K for 25 h.

Fig. 2. Measured Young's modulus, hardness, elastic recovery and composition profiles of the bcc Ti-based alloys in the couples of (a) Ti-17.76Nb-3.63Ta/Ti-19.74Zr-5.19Ta and (b) Ti-26.78Nb-30.18 Zr/Ti-29.09Nb-7.70Ta annealed at 1273 K for 25 h.

Fig. 3. Plots of (a) hardness and (b) elastic recovery vs. Young's modulus of the bcc Ti-Nb-Zr, Ti-Nb-Ta, Ti-Zr-Ta, Ti-Nb-Zr-Ta, Ti-Nb-Mo, Ti-Zr-Mo, and Ti-Nb-Zr-Mo alloys obtained in this study.

Fig. 4. Plots of (a, b) the - diagram, (c, d) the VEC, and (e, f) the [Mo] and Kβ vs. measured Young's modulus of the ternary and quaternary Ti-based alloys in Ti-Nb-Zr-Mo and Ti-Nb-Zr-Ta systems.

Fig. 5. The H/E and H3/E2 ratios of the bcc Ti-based alloys in the couples of (a) Ti-8.22Nb-2.39Mo/Ti-10.35Zr-1.92Mo and (b) Ti-16.26Nb-6.07Mo/Ti-20.22Zr-7.18Mo annealed at 1273 K for 25 h.

Fig. 6. The H/E and H3/E2 ratios of the bcc Ti-based alloys in the couples of (a) Ti-17.76Nb-3.63Ta/Ti-19.74Zr-5.19Ta and (b) Ti-26.78Nb-30.18 Zr/Ti-29.09Nb-7.70Ta annealed at 1273 K for 25 h.

Table 2 List of the x value for the Ti alloys in the present work and Refs. [24,28,31].

Alloy	Value x	Reference
Ti-Sc	6.52 ± 0.03	[28]
Ti-Nb	6.07 ± 0.11	[31]
Ti-Zr	5.06 ± 0.12	[31]
Ti-Cr	6.58 ± 0.03	[31]
Ti-Nb-Zr	4.94 ± 0.04	[31]
Ti-Nb-Cr	4.99 ± 0.03	[31]
Ti-Nb-Zr-Cr	6.50 ± 0.02	[31]
Ti-Nb-Ta-Zr	6.28 ± 0.04	[24]
Ti-Nb-Zr	6.11 ± 0.01	This work
Ti-Nb-Mo	6.27 ± 0.02	This work
Ti-Zr-Mo	6.17 ± 0.02	This work
Ti-Nb-Ta	6.33 ± 0.05	This work
Ti-Zr-Ta	6.16 ± 0.01	This work
Ti-Nb-Zr-Mo	6.23 ± 0.02	This work
Ti-Nb-Zr-Ta	6.21 ± 0.01	This work

Fig. 7. The relationship among the Young's modulus, hardness, elastic recovery, H/E, and H3/E2 of (a) the bcc Ti-Nb-Zr-Mo and Ti-Nb-Zr-Ta alloys, (b) the Ti-Nb-Zr(-Ta) alloys satisfying requirements including that E is lower than 70 GPa, H is higher than 3 GPa, H/E is within the range of 0.04 to 0.072, H3/E2 is greater than or equal to 0.009, and elastic recovery is smaller than 0.45, and (c) the Ti-Nb-Zr-Mo and Ti-Nb-Zr-Ta alloys satisfying two requirements including that E is within the range of 88 to 92 GPa, and H is higher than 4 GPa.

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