J. Mater. Sci. Technol. ›› 2021, Vol. 71: 177-185.DOI: 10.1016/j.jmst.2020.07.022
• Research Article • Previous Articles Next Articles
Zhong Lia,c, Jie Wanga,c, Yizhe Donga,c, Dake Xua,c,*(
), Xianhui Zhangb,d, Jianhua Wub,d,**(), Tingyue Gue, Fuhui Wanga,c
Received:2020-04-26
Revised:2020-06-25
Accepted:2020-07-03
Published:2021-04-30
Online:2021-04-30
Contact:
Dake Xu,Jianhua Wu
About author:** Shenyang National Laboratory for Materials Science, Northeastern University, Shenyang 110819, China. E-mail addresses: wujh@jmu.edu.cn (J. Wu).Zhong Li, Jie Wang, Yizhe Dong, Dake Xu, Xianhui Zhang, Jianhua Wu, Tingyue Gu, Fuhui Wang. Synergistic effect of chloride ion and Shewanella algae accelerates the corrosion of Ti-6Al-4V alloy[J]. J. Mater. Sci. Technol., 2021, 71: 177-185.
Fig. 1. Variations of EOCP and Rp during 14 d incubation: (a) EOCP; (b) Rp.
Fig. 2. Nyquist plots (a-f) and Bode plots (a’-f’) of TC4 alloy exposed to different culture media: (a, a’) 0 d; (b, b’) 1 d; (c, c’) 4 d; (d, d’) 7 d; (e, e’) 10 d; (f, f’) 14 d.
Fig. 3. Equivalent circuits used to fit the EIS spectra: (a) sterile 2216E media containing different concentrations of Cl-; (b) 2216E culture media containing different concentrations of Cl- inoculated with S. algae.
| Time (d) | Rs (Ω cm2) | Cb (μF cm-2) | Rb (Ω cm2) | Qdl (μF cm-2) | ndl | Rct (MΩ cm2) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Sterile 2216E containing 1.75 % Cl- | ||||||
| 1 | 13.5 ± 0.2 | 21.3 ± 0.5 | 0.93 ± 0.01 | 4.14 ± 0.79 | ||
| 4 | 13.3 ± 0.1 | 21.9 ± 0.4 | 0.93 ± 0.01 | 4.74 ± 0.64 | ||
| 7 | 13.6 ± 0.5 | 22.3 ± 0.2 | 0.93 ± 0.01 | 4.59 ± 0.39 | ||
| 10 | 13.5 ± 0.2 | 22.4 ± 0.1 | 0.93 ± 0.01 | 4.19 ± 0.14 | ||
| 14 | 13.2 ± 0.2 | 22.7 ± 0.2 | 0.92 ± 0.01 | 4.26 ± 0.27 | ||
| 2216E containing 1.75 % Cl- inoculated with S. algae | ||||||
| 1 | 10.7 ± 0.5 | 8.3 ± 0.5 | 9.9 ± 1.6 | 18.4 ± 1.1 | 0.88 ± 0.03 | 2.37 ± 0.44 |
| 4 | 11.6 ± 1.8 | 7.9 ± 1.1 | 10.6 ± 1.3 | 16.8 ± 2.2 | 0.88 ± 0.01 | 2.79 ± 0.16 |
| 7 | 11.7 ± 1.0 | 7.7 ± 0.9 | 11.2 ± 1.7 | 16.0 ± 1.2 | 0.88 ± 0.01 | 2.75 ± 0.12 |
| 10 | 11.6 ± 1.0 | 6.3 ± 1.8 | 9.6 ± 0.3 | 18.5 ± 2.3 | 0.84 ± 0.06 | 2.84 ± 0.17 |
| 14 | 12.6 ± 1.9 | 6.2 ± 1.8 | 12.6 ± 1.9 | 16.1 ± 0.2 | 0.84 ± 0.06 | 2.83 ± 0.15 |
| Sterile 2216E containing 3.50 % Cl- | ||||||
| 1 | 5.9 ± 0.3 | 22.9 ± 0.2 | 0.93 ± 0.01 | 3.55 ± 0.65 | ||
| 4 | 5.8 ± 0.2 | 23.0 ± 0.3 | 0.92 ± 0.01 | 4.39 ± 0.47 | ||
| 7 | 5.9 ± 0.1 | 22.7 ± 0.4 | 0.92 ± 0.01 | 4.11 ± 0.78 | ||
| 10 | 5.8 ± 0.1 | 23.4 ± 0.2 | 0.91 ± 0.01 | 3.14 ± 0.47 | ||
| 14 | 5.8 ± 0.1 | 20.7 ± 0.6 | 0.91 ± 0.01 | 3.86 ± 0.49 | ||
| 2216E containing 3.50 % Cl- inoculated with S. algae | ||||||
| 1 | 5.6 ± 0.2 | 8.8 ± 1.5 | 9.1 ± 2.7 | 19.6 ± 0.4 | 0.86 ± 0.02 | 1.28 ± 0.01 |
| 4 | 5.0 ± 0.5 | 8.6 ± 0.9 | 8.6 ± 1.8 | 20.1 ± 0.6 | 0.85 ± 0.01 | 1.10 ± 0.16 |
| 7 | 5.2 ± 0.5 | 8.6 ± 0.3 | 10.4 ± 1.6 | 19.3 ± 0.6 | 0.84 ± 0.03 | 1.01 ± 0.04 |
| 10 | 5.0 ± 0.7 | 8.7 ± 0.1 | 10.4 ± 0.8 | 19.3 ± 0.7 | 0.84 ± 0.01 | 0.90 ± 0.01 |
| 14 | 5.2 ± 0.2 | 7.9 ± 0.3 | 10.1 ± 0.1 | 19.0 ± 0.7 | 0.85 ± 0.01 | 1.23 ± 0.28 |
Table 1 Fitted EIS parameters. Standard deviations represent three parallel experiments.
| Time (d) | Rs (Ω cm2) | Cb (μF cm-2) | Rb (Ω cm2) | Qdl (μF cm-2) | ndl | Rct (MΩ cm2) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Sterile 2216E containing 1.75 % Cl- | ||||||
| 1 | 13.5 ± 0.2 | 21.3 ± 0.5 | 0.93 ± 0.01 | 4.14 ± 0.79 | ||
| 4 | 13.3 ± 0.1 | 21.9 ± 0.4 | 0.93 ± 0.01 | 4.74 ± 0.64 | ||
| 7 | 13.6 ± 0.5 | 22.3 ± 0.2 | 0.93 ± 0.01 | 4.59 ± 0.39 | ||
| 10 | 13.5 ± 0.2 | 22.4 ± 0.1 | 0.93 ± 0.01 | 4.19 ± 0.14 | ||
| 14 | 13.2 ± 0.2 | 22.7 ± 0.2 | 0.92 ± 0.01 | 4.26 ± 0.27 | ||
| 2216E containing 1.75 % Cl- inoculated with S. algae | ||||||
| 1 | 10.7 ± 0.5 | 8.3 ± 0.5 | 9.9 ± 1.6 | 18.4 ± 1.1 | 0.88 ± 0.03 | 2.37 ± 0.44 |
| 4 | 11.6 ± 1.8 | 7.9 ± 1.1 | 10.6 ± 1.3 | 16.8 ± 2.2 | 0.88 ± 0.01 | 2.79 ± 0.16 |
| 7 | 11.7 ± 1.0 | 7.7 ± 0.9 | 11.2 ± 1.7 | 16.0 ± 1.2 | 0.88 ± 0.01 | 2.75 ± 0.12 |
| 10 | 11.6 ± 1.0 | 6.3 ± 1.8 | 9.6 ± 0.3 | 18.5 ± 2.3 | 0.84 ± 0.06 | 2.84 ± 0.17 |
| 14 | 12.6 ± 1.9 | 6.2 ± 1.8 | 12.6 ± 1.9 | 16.1 ± 0.2 | 0.84 ± 0.06 | 2.83 ± 0.15 |
| Sterile 2216E containing 3.50 % Cl- | ||||||
| 1 | 5.9 ± 0.3 | 22.9 ± 0.2 | 0.93 ± 0.01 | 3.55 ± 0.65 | ||
| 4 | 5.8 ± 0.2 | 23.0 ± 0.3 | 0.92 ± 0.01 | 4.39 ± 0.47 | ||
| 7 | 5.9 ± 0.1 | 22.7 ± 0.4 | 0.92 ± 0.01 | 4.11 ± 0.78 | ||
| 10 | 5.8 ± 0.1 | 23.4 ± 0.2 | 0.91 ± 0.01 | 3.14 ± 0.47 | ||
| 14 | 5.8 ± 0.1 | 20.7 ± 0.6 | 0.91 ± 0.01 | 3.86 ± 0.49 | ||
| 2216E containing 3.50 % Cl- inoculated with S. algae | ||||||
| 1 | 5.6 ± 0.2 | 8.8 ± 1.5 | 9.1 ± 2.7 | 19.6 ± 0.4 | 0.86 ± 0.02 | 1.28 ± 0.01 |
| 4 | 5.0 ± 0.5 | 8.6 ± 0.9 | 8.6 ± 1.8 | 20.1 ± 0.6 | 0.85 ± 0.01 | 1.10 ± 0.16 |
| 7 | 5.2 ± 0.5 | 8.6 ± 0.3 | 10.4 ± 1.6 | 19.3 ± 0.6 | 0.84 ± 0.03 | 1.01 ± 0.04 |
| 10 | 5.0 ± 0.7 | 8.7 ± 0.1 | 10.4 ± 0.8 | 19.3 ± 0.7 | 0.84 ± 0.01 | 0.90 ± 0.01 |
| 14 | 5.2 ± 0.2 | 7.9 ± 0.3 | 10.1 ± 0.1 | 19.0 ± 0.7 | 0.85 ± 0.01 | 1.23 ± 0.28 |
Fig. 4. Polarization curves of TC4 alloy immersed in different culture media measured at the end of 14 d incubation.
| Incubation condition | icorr (nA cm-2) | Ecorr (mV vs. SCE) |
|---|---|---|
| TC4 in sterile 2216E medium containing 1.75 % Cl- | 8.8 ± 0.3 | -207 ± 18 |
| TC4 in 2216E medium containing 1.75 % Cl- inoculated with S. algae | 14.7 ± 1.7 | -478 ± 12 |
| TC4 in sterile 2216E medium containing 3.50 % Cl- | 9.4 ± 0.4 | -116 ± 3 |
| TC4 in 2216E medium containing 3.50 % Cl- inoculated with S. algae | 26.5 ± 1.2 | -417 ± 8 |
Table 2 Fitted Tafel parameters of TC4 alloy after 14 d immersion in different culture media (Standard deviations were from three parallel experiments).
| Incubation condition | icorr (nA cm-2) | Ecorr (mV vs. SCE) |
|---|---|---|
| TC4 in sterile 2216E medium containing 1.75 % Cl- | 8.8 ± 0.3 | -207 ± 18 |
| TC4 in 2216E medium containing 1.75 % Cl- inoculated with S. algae | 14.7 ± 1.7 | -478 ± 12 |
| TC4 in sterile 2216E medium containing 3.50 % Cl- | 9.4 ± 0.4 | -116 ± 3 |
| TC4 in 2216E medium containing 3.50 % Cl- inoculated with S. algae | 26.5 ± 1.2 | -417 ± 8 |
Fig. 5. SEM images of TC4 alloy surfaces after 4 d immersion in (a) 2216E medium containing 1.75 % Cl- inoculated with S. algae and (b) 2216E medium containing 3.50 % Cl- inoculated with S. algae.
Fig. 6. Analysis of S. algae biofilm thickness. Standard deviations were from at least 6 immersed samples.
Fig. 7. Variation of pH in the presence of S. algae.
| Incubation condition | Average maximum pit depth (μm) | Maximum pit depth (μm) |
|---|---|---|
| TC4 in 2216E medium containing 1.75 % Cl- inoculated with S. algae | 1.5 ± 0.3 | 1.9 |
| TC4 in 2216E medium containing 3.50 % Cl- inoculated with S. algae | 2.8 ± 0.2 | 3.2 |
| TC4 in sterile 2216E media containing 1.75 % and 3.50 % Cl- | No pits | No pits |
Table 3 Maximum pit depths on TC4 sample surfaces after 14 d immersion (Standard deviations were from at least 10 corrosion pits).
| Incubation condition | Average maximum pit depth (μm) | Maximum pit depth (μm) |
|---|---|---|
| TC4 in 2216E medium containing 1.75 % Cl- inoculated with S. algae | 1.5 ± 0.3 | 1.9 |
| TC4 in 2216E medium containing 3.50 % Cl- inoculated with S. algae | 2.8 ± 0.2 | 3.2 |
| TC4 in sterile 2216E media containing 1.75 % and 3.50 % Cl- | No pits | No pits |
Fig. 8. CLSM images of deepest pits on TC4 sample surfaces after incubation for 14 d in the presence of S. algae: (a) 2216E medium containing 1.75 % Cl-; (b) 2216E medium containing 3.50 % Cl-.
Fig. 9. XPS results of Ti oxide compositions on TC4 alloy surfaces after 14 d immersion in different culture media: (a) sterile 2216E medium containing 1.75 % Cl-; (b) 2216E medium containing 1.75 % Cl- inoculated with S. algae; (c) sterile 2216E medium containing 3.50 % Cl-; (d) 2216E medium containing 3.50 % Cl- inoculated with S. algae.
Fig. 10. Proposed MIC mechanism of TC4 alloy caused by the synergistic effect of S. algae and Cl-.
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