J. Mater. Sci. Technol. ›› 2019, Vol. 35 ›› Issue (2): 351-367.DOI: 10.1016/j.jmst.2018.09.059
• Orginal Article • Previous Articles Next Articles
I.A. Seguraab, L.E. Murrac, C.A. Terrazasab*(), D. Bermudezac, J. Mirelesab, V.S.V. Injetic, K. Lic, B. Yuc, R.D.K. Misrac, R.B. Wickerab
Received:
2018-05-30
Revised:
2018-07-28
Accepted:
2018-07-30
Online:
2019-02-05
Published:
2018-12-21
Contact:
Terrazas C.A.
About author:
These authors contributed equally to this work.
I.A. Segura, L.E. Murr, C.A. Terrazas, D. Bermudez, J. Mireles, V.S.V. Injeti, K. Li, B. Yu, R.D.K. Misra, R.B. Wicker. Grain boundary and microstructure engineering of Inconel 690 cladding on stainless-steel 316L using electron-beam powder bed fusion additive manufacturing[J]. J. Mater. Sci. Technol., 2019, 35(2): 351-367.
Alloy | Ni | Fe | Cr | C | Mo | Mn | Co | Si |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
In. 690 | bal. | 7-11 | 27-31 | 0.05 | 0.01 | 0.5 | 0.2 | 0.5 |
SS 316 L | <10-14 | bal. | 16-19 | <0.03 | 2-3 | 2 | - | 1 |
Table 1 Nominal alloy chemical compositions (wt%).
Alloy | Ni | Fe | Cr | C | Mo | Mn | Co | Si |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
In. 690 | bal. | 7-11 | 27-31 | 0.05 | 0.01 | 0.5 | 0.2 | 0.5 |
SS 316 L | <10-14 | bal. | 16-19 | <0.03 | 2-3 | 2 | - | 1 |
Fig. 7. OM image for aged (50 h), vertical plane EPBF fabricated Inconel 690 showing an overview of columnar grains with various precipitate densities in the elongated grain boundaries in the build direction, B. Dotted circles show random, high energy grain boundary segments with high precipitate density.
Fig. 8. Magnified views of columnar grains in Fig. 7 showing grain boundary and matrix precipitation (a). (b) Magnified region comparing low carbide precipitation along a low angle grain boundary at left and high precipitate density along irregular and high-energy grain boundary portions at right. Homogeneous precipitation within the surrounding grain matrices is noted in (b).
Fig. 9. OM images showing columnar grain structures in the horizontal plane (perpendicular to the build direction) exhibiting an essentially equiaxed grain structure after aging the EPBF fabricated Inconel 690 cladding. (a) Grain boundary and homogeneous matrix precipitation. (b) Magnified view of regions of dense grain boundary precipitation and Cr depletion (arrows).
Fig. 10. Magnified OM image area similar to Fig. 9(b) showing apparent low-energy grain boundary segments devoid of precipitates in contrast to high density precipitation in other, proximate grain boundary segments.
Fig. 11. Comparison of OM images for aged, EPBF-fabricated Inconel 690 cladding (in the vertical plane) (a), and aged, wrought 316 L stainless-steel substrate (b). Note the absence of coherent {111} annealing twins in (a) and the complete absence of precipitation along the {111} coherent twin boundaries (tb) in contrast to precipitation in noncoherent twin boundaries (TB).
Fig. 12. XRD spectra (a and b) for EPBF- fabricated Inconel 690 in the vertical and horizontal plane, respectively. Peaks are indexed for fcc-γ; a = 0.36 nm.
Fig. 15. TEM (bright-field) images and SAED patterns for EPBF-fabricated Inconel 690 cladding (vertical plane section). (a) Grain boundary (GB) segment separating grains indicated A and B. (b) and (c) show corresponding SAED patterns for A and B in (a). The operating reflection, g, is [020]. (d) Grain boundary (GB) with right grain exhibiting dislocation traces and chromium carbide precipitates. Boundary portion is coincident with [020] γ direction parallel to the build direction, and columnar grain boundaries shown typically in Fig. 5. (e) Enlarged precipitate image at B in (d). (f) SAED pattern for the right grain in (d). The traces of dislocations in (d) are shown by trace direction, “t”, representing the [02 2ˉ] direction for (111) planes.
Fig. 16. TEM images for EPBF-fabricated Inconel 690 cladding (continued). (a) Dislocation traces (t) along [022] in Fig. 15 (d) and (e). (b) Chromium carbide (Cr23C6) precipitates in an area tilted for no dislocation contrast. (c) and (d) Grain boundary (GB) segments. (c) Heavy dislocation tangles in upper grain. (d) Carbide precipitates (P) in grain boundary (GB) segment.
Fig. 17. TEM (bright-field) images for EPBF-fabricated and aged Inconel 690 cladding viewed in the horizontal plane, corresponding to Fig. 9(a). (a) Chromium carbides in a grain boundary (GB). (b) Distribution of matrix carbides with essentially no precipitation in low-angle grain boundaries (arrows). (c) Carbides in (110) grain (SAED pattern inset). Note general absence of subgrain boundary carbides as in (b) above. (d) Homogeneous carbide distribution within a columnar grain transverse plane. (e) Typical area having high dislocation density. Note boundary images. Low dislocation density grain section.
Fig. 18. TEM (bright-field) image showing strongly diffracting Cr23C6 carbide crystal (left). SAED pattern for this crystal, with many carbide diffraction spots, is shown at right. The fcc (γ) 690 alloy matrix operating reflection is shown at [020]. Cr23C6 carbide reflections are indexed (1) and (2): [3ˉ 31] and [0120], respectively. The fcc alloy matrix orientation is [100]. The Cr23C6 crystal orientation is [103].
Fig. 19. Stress-strain plots for EPBF -fabricated Inconel 690, EPBF Inconel 690 cladding/316 L stainless-steel transition, and wrought 316 L stainless-steel.
Specimen | UTS (MPa) | YS (MPa) | Elongation (%) | HV (GPa) |
---|---|---|---|---|
EPBF Inconel 690 | 670 ± 44.5 | 527 ± 19 | 21 ± 2.0 | 2.33 ± 0.12 |
Wrought 316 L | 620 ± 4.5 | 327 ± 10 | 53 ± 0.8 | 1.78 ± 0.04 |
EPBF Inconel 690 - Wrought 316 L | 603 ± 34.0 | 377 ± 39 | 23 ± 8.0 | N/A |
Table 2 Average Mechanical Properties for EPBF Fabricated Inconel 690, Wrought 316 L and Cladded EPBF Inconel 690 on Wrought 316 L.
Specimen | UTS (MPa) | YS (MPa) | Elongation (%) | HV (GPa) |
---|---|---|---|---|
EPBF Inconel 690 | 670 ± 44.5 | 527 ± 19 | 21 ± 2.0 | 2.33 ± 0.12 |
Wrought 316 L | 620 ± 4.5 | 327 ± 10 | 53 ± 0.8 | 1.78 ± 0.04 |
EPBF Inconel 690 - Wrought 316 L | 603 ± 34.0 | 377 ± 39 | 23 ± 8.0 | N/A |
Fig. 20. Vickers hardness profile starting at the EPBF cladded Inconel 690 (left) and ending with the wrought 316 stainless-steel. Dashed lines represent the averages.
Fig. 21. SEM fracture surface images of wrought 316 L stainless-steel (a), EPBF Inconel 690 (b) and EPBF cladded Inconel 690/wrought 316 L stainless-steel transition (c).
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