In-situ formation of Ti-Mo biomaterials by selective laser melting of Ti/Mo and Ti/Mo2C powder mixtures: A comparative study on microstructure, mechanical and wear performance, and thermal mechanisms

doi:10.1016/j.jmst.2021.09.017

Abstract

Abstract:

Ti-Mo alloys/composites are expected to be the next-generation implant material with low moduli but without toxic/allergic elements. However, synthesis mechanisms of the Ti-Mo biomaterials in Selective Laser Melting (SLM) vary according to raw materials and fundamentally influence material performance, due to inhomogeneous chemical compositions and stability. Therefore, this work provides a comparative study on microstructure, mechanical and wear performance, and underlying thermal mechanisms of two promising Ti-Mo biomaterials prepared by SLM but through different synthesis mechanisms to offer scientific understanding for creation of ideal metal implants. They are (i) Ti-7.5Mo alloys, prepared from a conventional Ti/Mo powder mixture, and (ii) Ti-7.5Mo-2.4TiC composites, in-situ prepared from Ti/Mo₂C powder mixture. Results reveal that the in-situ Ti-7.5Mo-2.4TiC composites made from Ti/Mo₂C powder mixture by SLM can produce 61.4% more β phase and extra TiC precipitates (diameter below 229.6 nm) than the Ti-7.5Mo alloys. The fine TiC not only contributes to thinner and shorter β columnar grains under a large temperature gradient of 51.2 K/μm but also benefits material performance. The in-situ Ti-7.5Mo-2.4TiC composites produce higher yield strength (980.1 ± 29.8 MPa) and ultimate compressive strength (1561.4 ± 39 MPa) than the Ti-7.5Mo alloys, increasing by up to 12.1%. However, the fine TiC with an aspect ratio of 2.71 dominates an unfavourable rise of elastic modulus to 91.9 ± 2 GPa, 44.7% higher than the Ti-7.5Mo alloys, which, nevertheless, is still lower than the modulus of traditional Ti-6Al-4V. While, TiC and its homogeneous distribution benefit wear resistance, decreasing the wear rate of the in-situ Ti-7.5Mo-2.4TiC composites to 6.98 × 10^-4 mm³ N^-1 m^-1, which is 36% lower than that of the Ti-7.5Mo alloys. Therefore, although with higher modulus than the Ti-7.5Mo alloys, the SLM-fabricated in-situ Ti-7.5Mo-2.4TiC composites can expect to provide good biomedical application potential in cases where combined good strength and wear resistance are required.

Key words: Selective laser melting (SLM), Titanium, Metal matrix composites, Microstructures, Mechanical properties, Wear properties

Qimin Shi, Shoufeng Yang, Yi Sun, Yifei Gu, Ben Mercelis, Shengping Zhong, Bart Van Meerbeek, Constantinus Politis. In-situ formation of Ti-Mo biomaterials by selective laser melting of Ti/Mo and Ti/Mo₂C powder mixtures: A comparative study on microstructure, mechanical and wear performance, and thermal mechanisms[J]. J. Mater. Sci. Technol., 2022, 115: 81-96.

Figures/Tables 17

Fig. 1. (a) Ti/Mo powder mixture, (b) Ti/Mo2C powder mixture, (c) island laser scanning strategy applied during SLM, and (d) prepared specimens with flat and dense top surfaces on (e) SLM-fabricated Ti-7.5Mo alloys and (f) in-situ Ti-7.5Mo-2.4TiC composites.

Fig. 2. Three-dimensional finite element model during numerical simulation.

Table 1. Thermophysical parameters of CP Ti [34], Mo [35], Mo2C and TiC [32,36].

Thermal conductivity, k_s-bulk (W/(m K))
Ti [at certain temperatures/K]	21.8 [293]	19.9 [473]	18.6 [673]	20 [873]	21.1 [1073]	22.6 [1273]	24.3 [1473]	26 [1673]	27.8 [1873]
Mo: 139			Mo₂C: 20.92				TiC: 23
Heat capacity, C_P-bulk (J/(kg K))
Ti [at certain temperatures/K]	520 [293]	560 [473]	610 [673]	660 [873]	710 [1073]	620 [1273]	650 [1473]	745 [1673]	900 [1873]
Mo: 250			Mo₂C: 347				TiC: 543
Density, ρ_Bulk (kg/m³)
Ti: 4540	Mo: 10,200		Mo₂C: 9180				TiC: 4910
Melting temperature, T_M (K)
Ti: 1933	Mo: 2873		Mo₂C: 2960				TiC: 3340
Laser absorptivity of powder, A (%)
Ti: 77	Mo: 34		Mo₂C: 80				TiC: 82

Fig. 3. Roughness profiles on the polished bottom surface of SLM-fabricated (a) Ti-7.5Mo alloys and (b) in-situ Ti-7.5Mo-2.4TiC composites, and (c) schematic of sliding tests.

Fig. 4. BSE-SEM images and EDS analyses showing chemical homogeneity in SLM-fabricated (a-c) Ti-7.5Mo alloys and (d-f) in-situ Ti-7.5Mo-2.4TiC composites. The red rectangle and red line in (b) highlight the EDS map region and EDS line region shown in (c); the red rectangle in (e) highlights the EDS map region shown in (f).

Fig. 5. XRD spectra of SLM-fabricated Ti-7.5Mo alloys and in-situ Ti-7.5Mo-2.4TiC composites obtained (a) over a wide range of 2θ (30°-80°) and (b) in the vicinity of 2θ = 38.758° of β phase and (c) in the vicinity of 2θ = 40.177° of α phase.

Table 2. Quantitative XRD data revealing the shifting of 2θ peaks and variation of inter-planar spacing, and weight fractions of α and β phase in SLM-fabricated Ti-7.5Mo alloys and in-situ Ti-7.5Mo-2.4TiC composites.

Empty Cell	1st strong peak of β phase		1st strong peak of α phase		Empty Cell
Specimens	2θ (°)	d₍₁₁₀₎ (Å)	2θ (°)	d₍₁₀₁₎ (Å)	β phase (wt%)/ α phase (wt%)
Stanard	38.758	2.3214	40.177	2.2427	/
Ti-7.5Mo	39.04	2.3089	40.02	2.2546	42.2/ 57.8
Ti-7.5Mo-2.4TiC	39.10	2.3055	40.02	2.2547	68.1/ 31.9

Fig. 6. SE-SEM images showing microstructural features in SLM-fabricated (a, b) Ti-7.5Mo alloys and (c, d) in-situ Ti-7.5Mo-2.4TiC composites.

Fig. 7. (a, b) BSE/SE-SEM images showing the typical morphology of TiC particles in SLM-fabricated in-situ Ti-7.5Mo-2.4TiC composites and (c-e) their size distribution.

Fig. 8. Transient temperature contour plots of the molten pool of (a) Ti-7.5Mo alloys and (b) Ti-7.5Mo-2.4TiC composites during SLM with paths assigned to monitor the temperature and temperature gradient.

Fig. 9. Temperature distribution along typical orientations within the molten pool of Ti-7.5Mo alloys and in-situ Ti-7.5Mo-2.4TiC composites fabricated by SLM.

Fig. 10. Mechanisms behind the microstructural development of (a) Ti-7.5Mo alloys and (b) in-situ Ti-7.5Mo-2.4TiC composites fabricated by SLM.

Fig. 11. (a) Engineering compressive stress-strain curves of SLM-fabricated Ti-7.5Mo alloys and in-situ Ti-7.5Mo-2.4TiC composites in as-built condition, and (b) their mechanical properties with a comparison to other Ti-Mo counterparts: 1# Ti-7.5Mo alloys in this work, 2# Ti-7.5Mo alloys by SLM elsewhere [26], 3# Ti-7.5Mo alloys by casting+rolling [55], 4# Ti-7.5Mo alloys by casting+ageing [56], 5# Ti-7.5Mo alloys by casting [54], 6# in-situ Ti-10Mo-1TiC composites by SLM [17], 7# in -situ Ti-10Mo-3TiC composites by SLM [57], and 8# in-situ Ti-7.5Mo-2.4TiC composites in this work.

Fig. 12. SE-SEM compressive fractographs of SLM-fabricated (a, b) Ti-7.5Mo alloys and (c, d) in-situ Ti-7.5Mo-2.4TiC composites.

Fig. 13. (a) Records of lowest ceramic ball positions during 2000 wear cycles and (b) wear properties including wear scar depth, wear scar width and wear rate of SLM-fabricated Ti-7.5Mo alloys and in-situ Ti-7.5Mo-2.4TiC composites.

Fig. 14. SE-SEM images showing worn surface morphologies on (a, b) Ti-7.5Mo alloys and (c, d) in-situ Ti-7.5Mo-2.4TiC composites fabricated by SLM. The inset in (d) illustrates well bonded TiC particles with the Ti matrix.

Fig. 15. Schematic showing the different wear mechanisms of (a) Ti-7.5Mo composites and (b) in-situ Ti-7.5Mo-2.4TiC composites fabricated by SLM.

References 59

[1]	L.C. Zhang, H. Attar, Adv. Eng. Mater. 18 (2016) 463-475. DOI URL
[2]	A. Nouri, A. Rohani Shirvan, Y. Li, C. Wen, J. Mater. Sci. Technol. 94 (2021) 196-215. DOI URL
[3]	D. Ren, S. Li, H. Wang, W. Hou, Y. Hao, W. Jin, R. Yang, R.D.K. Misra, L.E. Murr, J. Mater. Sci. Technol. 35 (2019) 285-294.
[4]	C. Cai, X. Wu, W. Liu, W. Zhu, H. Chen, J.C.D. Qiu, C.N. Sun, J. Liu, Q. Wei, Y. Shi, J. Mater. Sci. Technol. 57 (2020) 51-64. DOI URL
[5]	J.E. Bechtold, Orthop. Clin. North Am. 17 (1986) 605-612. DOI URL
[6]	N. De Meurechy, A. Braem, M.Y. Mommaerts, Int. J. Oral Maxillofac. Surg. 47 (2018) 518-533. DOI URL
[7]	B. Mjöberg, E. Hellquist, H. Mallmin, U. Lindh, Acta Orthop. Scand. 68 (1997) 511-514. PMID
[8]	I. Zwolak, Toxicol. Mech. Methods 24 (2014) 1-12. DOI URL
[9]	N. Kang, X. Lin, M.E. Mansori, Q.Z. Wang, J.L. Lu, C. Coddet, W.D. Huang, Addit. Manuf. 31 (2020) 100911.
[10]	A. Almeida, D. Gupta, C. Loable, R. Vilar, Mater. Sci. Eng. C 32 (2012) 1190-1195. DOI URL
[11]	W.D. Zhang, Y. Liu, H. Wu, M. Song, T.Y. Zhang, X.D. Lan, T.H. Yao, Mater. Char-act. 106 (2015) 302-307.
[12]	W. Xu, M. Chen, X. Lu, D.W. Zhang, H.P. Singh, J.S. Yu, Y. Pan, X.H. Qu, C.Z. Liu, Corros. Sci. 168 (2020) 108557. DOI URL
[13]	N.T.C. Oliveira, A.C. Guastaldi, Acta Biomater. 5 (2009) 399-405. DOI PMID
[14]	W.F. Ho, C.P. Ju, J.H.C. Lin, Biomaterials 20 (1999) 2115-2122. PMID
[15]	N. Li, S. Huang, G. Zhang, R. Qin, W. Liu, H. Xiong, G. Shi, J. Blackburn, J. Mater. Sci. Technol. 35 (2019) 242-269. DOI URL
[16]	J. Vishnu, G. Manivasagam, J. Bio, Tribo. Corros. 7 (2021) 32.
[17]	B. Vrancken, S. Dadbakhsh, R. Mertens, K. Vanmeensel, J. Vleugels, S. Yang, J.P. Kruth, CIRP Ann. 68 (2019) 221-224. DOI URL
[18]	M.H. Mosallanejad, B. Niroumand, A. Aversa, A. Saboori, J. Alloy. Compd. 872 (2021) 159567. DOI URL
[19]	R. Duan, S. Li, B. Cai, W. Zhu, F. Ren, M.M. Attallah, Addit. Manuf. 37 (2021) 101708.
[20]	Q. Shi, R. Mertens, S. Dadbakhsh, G. Li, S. Yang, J. Mater. Process. Technol. 299 (2022) 117357. DOI URL
[21]	P. Fischer, V. Romano, H.P. Weber, N.P. Karapatis, E. Boillat, R. Glardon, Acta Mater. 51 (2003) 1651-1662. DOI URL
[22]	Y.B. Liu, Y. Liu, H.P. Tang, B. Wang, B. Liu, J. Mater. Sci. 46 (2011) 902-909. DOI URL
[23]	S.C. Tjong, Adv. Eng. Mater. 9 (2007) 639-652. DOI URL
[24]	C. Han, R. Babicheva, J.D.Q. Chua, U. Ramamurty, S.B. Tor, C.N. Sun, K. Zhou, Addit. Manuf. 36 (2020) 101466.
[25]	N. Kang, X. Lin, C. Coddet, X. Wen, W. Huang, Mater. Lett. 267 (2020) 127544. DOI URL
[26]	N. Kang, Y. Li, X. Lin, E. Feng, W. Huang, J. Alloy. Compd. 771 (2019) 877-884. DOI
[27]	H. Attar, K.G. Prashanth, L.C. Zhang, M. Calin, I.V. Okulov, S. Scudino, C. Yang, J. Eckert, J. Mater. Sci. Technol. 31 (2015) 1001-1005. DOI URL
[28]	K. Lin, Y. Fang, D. Gu, Q. Ge, J. Zhuang, L. Xi, Adv. Powder Technol. 32 (2021) 1426-1437. DOI URL
[29]	X. Ji, S. Emura, T. Liu, K. Suzuta, X. Min, K. Tsuchiya, J. Alloy. Compd. 737 (2018) 221-229. DOI URL
[30]	T.W. Na, W.R. Kim, S.M. Yang, O. Kwon, J.M. Park, G.H. Kim, K.H. Jung, C.W. Lee, H.K. Park, H.G. Kim, Mater. Charact. 143 (2018) 110-117. DOI URL
[31]	J. Geng, Z. Zhu, Y. Ni, H. Li, F. Cheng, F. Li, J. Chen, Nano Res. 15 (2022) 280-284. DOI URL
[32]	Q. Shi, D. Gu, M. Xia, S. Cao, T. Rong, Opt. Laser Technol. 84 (2016) 9-22. DOI URL
[33]	D. Gu, Q. Shi, K. Lin, L. Xi, Addit. Manuf. 22 (2018) 265-278.
[34]	Y. Li, D. Gu, Addit. Manuf. 1 (2014) 99-109-4.
[35]	K.H. Leitz, P. Singer, A. Plankensteiner, B. Tabernig, H. Kestler, L.S. Sigl, Met. Powder Rep. 72 (2017) 331-338. DOI URL
[36]	J.P. Kruth, X. Wang, T. Laoui, L. Froyen, Assem. Autom. 23 (2003) 357-371. DOI URL
[37]	S.H. Koutzaki, J.E. Krzanowski, J.J. Nainaparampil, Metall. Mater. Trans. A 33 (2002) 1579-1588. DOI URL
[38]	S. Malinov, P. Markovsky, W. Sha, Z. Guo, J. Alloy. Compd. 314 (2001) 181-192. DOI URL
[39]	S. Malinov, W. Sha, Z. Guo, C.C. Tang, A.E. Long, Mater. Charact. 48 (2002) 279-295. DOI URL
[40]	D. Bandyopadhyay, B. Haldar, R.C. Sharma, N. Chakraborti, J. Phase Equilib. 20 (1999) 332-336. DOI URL
[41]	X. Zhao, M. Niinomi, M. Nakai, J. Hieda, Acta Biomater. 8 (2012) 1990-1997. DOI URL
[42]	B. Vrancken, L. Thijs, J.P. Kruth, J. Van Humbeeck, Acta Mater. 68 (2014) 150-158. DOI URL
[43]	D. Zhao, C. Han, J. Li, J. Liu, Q. Wei, Mater. Sci. Eng. C 111 (2020) 110784. DOI URL
[44]	D. Zhao, C. Han, Y. Li, J. Li, K. Zhou, Q. Wei, J. Liu, Y. Shi, J. Alloy. Compd. 804 (2019) 288-298. DOI URL
[45]	S. Dadbakhsh, R. Mertens, L. Hao, J. Van Humbeeck, J.P. Kruth, Adv. Eng. Mater. 21 (2019) 1801244. DOI URL
[46]	Q.M. Shi, D.D. Gu, K.J. Lin, W.H. Chen, M.J. Xia, D.H. Dai, J. Manuf. Sci. Eng. 140 (2018) 111019. DOI URL
[47]	W. Kurz, D.J. Fisher, Acta Metall. 29 (1981) 11-20. DOI URL
[48]	G. Liu, K. Chen, H. Zhou, J. Guo, K. Ren, J.M.F. Ferreira, Mater. Lett. 61 (2007) 779-784. DOI URL
[49]	D. Gu, Y. Shen, G. Meng, Mater. Lett. 63 (2009) 2536-2538. DOI URL
[50]	J.W. Garvin, H.S. Udaykumar, J. Cryst. Growth 267 (2004) 724-737. DOI URL
[51]	L. Hadji, Scr. Mater. 48 (2003) 665-669. DOI URL
[52]	D. Gu, H. Zhang, D. Dai, M. Xia, C. Hong, R. Poprawe, Compos. B Eng. 163 (2019) 585-597. DOI URL
[53]	L.Y. Chen, J.Q. Xu, H. Choi, M. Pozuelo, X. Ma, S. Bhowmick, J.M. Yang, S. Math-audhu, X.C. Li, Nature 528 (2015) 539-543. DOI URL
[54]	W.F. Ho, J. Alloy. Compd. 464 (2008) 580-583. DOI URL
[55]	C.C. Chung, S.W. Wang, Y.C. Chen, C.P. Ju, J.H. Chern Lin, Mater. Sci. Eng. A 631 (2015) 52-66. DOI URL
[56]	Y.C. Chen, J.H.C. Lin, C.P. Ju, Mater. Des. 54 (2014) 515-519. DOI URL
[57]	S. Dadbakhsh, R. Mertens, G. Ji, B. Vrancken, K. Vanmeensel, H. Fan, A. Addad, J.P. Kruth, Addit. Manuf. 36 (2020) 101577.
[58]	F. Akhtar, Can. Metall. Q. 53 (2014) 253-263. DOI URL
[59]	K.I. Parashivamurthy, R.K. Kumar, S. Seetharamu, M.N. Chandrasekharaiah, J. Mater. Sci. 36 (2001) 4519-4530. DOI URL

In-situ formation of Ti-Mo biomaterials by selective laser melting of Ti/Mo and Ti/Mo₂C powder mixtures: A comparative study on microstructure, mechanical and wear performance, and thermal mechanisms

RichHTML

PDF (PC)

Knowledge

Abstract

Cite this article

share this article

Figures/Tables 17

References 59

Related Articles 15

Recommended Articles

Metrics

Comments

[1]	Gwanghyo Choi, Won Seok Choi, Yoon Sun Lee, Dahye Kim, Ji Hyun Sung, Seungjun An, Chang-Seok Oh, Amine Hattal, Madjid Djemai, Brigitte Bacroix, Guy Dirras, Pyuck-Pa Choi. Decomposition behavior of yttria-stabilized zirconia and its effect on directed energy deposited Ti-based composite material [J]. J. Mater. Sci. Technol., 2022, 112(0): 138-150.
[2]	Ł. Maj, D. Wojtas, A. Jarzębska, M. Bieda, K. Trembecka-Wójciga, R. Chulist, W. Kozioł, A. Góral, A. Trelka, K. Janus, J. Kawałko, M. Kulczyk, F. Muhaffel, H. Çimenoğlu, K. Sztwiertnia. Titania coating formation on hydrostatically extruded pure titanium by micro-arc oxidation method [J]. J. Mater. Sci. Technol., 2022, 111(0): 224-235.
[3]	Pengsheng Xue, Lida Zhu, Jinsheng Ning, Peihua Xu, Shuhao Wang, Zhichao Yang, Yuan Ren, Guiru Meng. The crystallographic texture and dependent mechanical properties of the CrCoNi medium-entropy alloy by laser remelting strategy [J]. J. Mater. Sci. Technol., 2022, 111(0): 245-255.
[4]	Yanfang Wang, Xin Lin, Nan Kang, Zihong Wang, Yuxi Liu, Weidong Huang. Influence of post-heat treatment on the microstructure and mechanical properties of Al-Cu-Mg-Zr alloy manufactured by selective laser melting [J]. J. Mater. Sci. Technol., 2022, 111(0): 35-48.
[5]	Likui Zhang, Yao Chen, Qian Liu, Wenting Deng, Yaoqun Yue, Fanbin Meng. Ultrathin flexible electrospun carbon nanofibers reinforced graphene microgasbags films with three-dimensional conductive network toward synergetic enhanced electromagnetic interference shielding [J]. J. Mater. Sci. Technol., 2022, 111(0): 57-65.
[6]	Duoduo Wang, Qunbo Fan, Xingwang Cheng, Yu Zhou, Ran Shi, Yan Qian, Le Wang, Xinjie Zhu, Haichao Gong, Kai Chen, Jingjiu Yuan, Liu Yang. Texture evolution and slip mode of a Ti-5.5Mo-7.2Al-4.5Zr-2.6Sn-2.1Cr dual-phase alloy during cold rolling based on multiscale crystal plasticity finite element model [J]. J. Mater. Sci. Technol., 2022, 111(0): 76-87.
[7]	Vioni Dwi Sartika, Won Seok Choi, Gwanghyo Choi, Jaewook Han, Sung-Jin Chang, Won-Seok Ko, Blazej Grabowski, Pyuck-Pa Choi. Joining dissimilar metal of Ti and CoCrMo using directed energy deposition [J]. J. Mater. Sci. Technol., 2022, 111(0): 99-110.
[8]	Lixia Ma, Min Wan, Weidong Li, Jie Shao, Xiaoning Han, Jichun Zhang. On the superplastic deformation mechanisms of near-α TNW700 titanium alloy [J]. J. Mater. Sci. Technol., 2022, 108(0): 173-185.
[9]	Juan Li, Yaqun Xu, Wenlong Xiao, Chaoli Ma, Xu Huang. Development of Ti-Al-Ta-Nb-(Re) near-α high temperature titanium alloy: Microstructure, thermal stability and mechanical properties [J]. J. Mater. Sci. Technol., 2022, 109(0): 1-11.
[10]	Cheng Li, Guanhong Lei, Jizhao Liu, Awen Liu, C.L. Ren, Hefei Huang. A potential candidate structural material for molten salt reactor: ODS nickel-based alloy [J]. J. Mater. Sci. Technol., 2022, 109(0): 129-139.
[11]	Jing Wu, Meng Li, Chuanchuan Lin, Pengfei Gao, Rui Zhang, Xuan Li, Jixi Zhang, Kaiyong Cai. Moderated crevice corrosion susceptibility of Ti6Al4V implant material due to albumin-corrosion interaction [J]. J. Mater. Sci. Technol., 2022, 109(0): 209-220.
[12]	Donghai Li, Binbin Wang, Liangshun Luo, Xuewen Li, Yanjin Xu, BinQiang Li, Diween Hawezy, Liang Wang, Yanqing Su, Jingjie Guo, Hengzhi Fu. Effect of processing parameters on the microstructure and mechanical properties of TiAl/Ti₂AlNb laminated composites [J]. J. Mater. Sci. Technol., 2022, 109(0): 228-244.
[13]	Mohammed Arroussi, Qing Jia, Chunguang Bai, Shuyuan Zhang, Jinlong Zhao, Zhizhou Xia, Zhiqiang Zhang, Ke Yang, Rui Yang. Inhibition effect on microbiologically influenced corrosion of Ti-6Al-4V-5Cu alloy against marine bacterium Pseudomonas aeruginosa [J]. J. Mater. Sci. Technol., 2022, 109(0): 282-296.
[14]	Xuehui Yan, Peter K. Liaw, Yong Zhang. Ultrastrong and ductile BCC high-entropy alloys with low-density via dislocation regulation and nanoprecipitates [J]. J. Mater. Sci. Technol., 2022, 110(0): 109-116.
[15]	Jianwen Le, Yuanfei Han, Peikun Qiu, Shaopeng Li, Guangfa Huang, Jianwei Mao, Weijie Lu. Insight into the formation mechanism and interaction of matrix/TiB whisker textures and their synergistic effect on property anisotropy in titanium matrix composites [J]. J. Mater. Sci. Technol., 2022, 110(0): 1-13.