J. Mater. Sci. Technol. ›› 2020, Vol. 54: 196-205.DOI: 10.1016/j.jmst.2020.02.073
• Research Article • Previous Articles Next Articles
G.W. Hua,b,c, L.C. Zenga,b, H. Dua,b,c,*(), X.W. Liuc,d,*(), Y. Wud, P. Gongc, Z.T. Fanc, Q. Hue, E.P. Georgef,g
Received:
2020-01-12
Revised:
2020-02-24
Accepted:
2020-02-24
Published:
2020-10-01
Online:
2020-10-21
Contact:
H. Du,X.W. Liu
G.W. Hu, L.C. Zeng, H. Du, X.W. Liu, Y. Wu, P. Gong, Z.T. Fan, Q. Hu, E.P. George. Tailoring grain growth and solid solution strengthening of single-phase CrCoNi medium-entropy alloys by solute selection[J]. J. Mater. Sci. Technol., 2020, 54: 196-205.
Fig. 1. Schematic representation of solute selection strategy based on the self-diffusion activation energy ($3\text{SDQ}$) difference between the alloying element and CrCoNi matrix. (a) Atomic arrangement in the lattice; (b) grain boundary migration and (c) predicted grain size evolution.
Fig. 2. (a) XRD patterns of the CrCoNi, 3Mo and 3Al MEAs after cold rolling and anneals at 1073?K/8?h; (b) Representative SEM BSE microstructure of the 3Mo MEA showing no precipitates on grain boundaries.
Temperature (K) | Time (h) | Grain size (μm) | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
CrCoNi | 3Mo | 3Al | ||
1073 | 1 | 3.8 | 2.0 | 4.4 |
2 | 5.8 | 3.2 | 6.9 | |
4 | 8.3 | 4.2 | 11.2 | |
8 | 10.7 | 5.6 | 15.5 | |
1123 | 1 | 6.6 | 2.6 | 7.2 |
1.5 | 8.1 | 3.2 | 9.5 | |
2 | 10.9 | 4.8 | 12.6 | |
4 | 13.8 | 6.5 | 16.7 | |
1173 | 0.5 | 10.5 | 8.3 | 11.9 |
1 | 13.3 | 11.8 | 16.5 | |
2 | 21.8 | 16.1 | 25.7 | |
4 | 29.5 | 21.4 | 35.6 | |
1223 | 0.5 | 14.9 | 12.0 | 16.1 |
1 | 22.1 | 18.5 | 24.5 | |
2 | 31.0 | 24.7 | 41.0 | |
4 | 42.6 | 31.6 | 55.1 |
Table 1 Grain sizes of CrCoNi, 3Mo and 3Al MEAs after annealing at the temperatures and times shown.
Temperature (K) | Time (h) | Grain size (μm) | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
CrCoNi | 3Mo | 3Al | ||
1073 | 1 | 3.8 | 2.0 | 4.4 |
2 | 5.8 | 3.2 | 6.9 | |
4 | 8.3 | 4.2 | 11.2 | |
8 | 10.7 | 5.6 | 15.5 | |
1123 | 1 | 6.6 | 2.6 | 7.2 |
1.5 | 8.1 | 3.2 | 9.5 | |
2 | 10.9 | 4.8 | 12.6 | |
4 | 13.8 | 6.5 | 16.7 | |
1173 | 0.5 | 10.5 | 8.3 | 11.9 |
1 | 13.3 | 11.8 | 16.5 | |
2 | 21.8 | 16.1 | 25.7 | |
4 | 29.5 | 21.4 | 35.6 | |
1223 | 0.5 | 14.9 | 12.0 | 16.1 |
1 | 22.1 | 18.5 | 24.5 | |
2 | 31.0 | 24.7 | 41.0 | |
4 | 42.6 | 31.6 | 55.1 |
Fig. 6. Arrhenius plot of ln(${{\text{D}}^{\text{n}}}$/t) vs 1/T, where D is the grain size at time t, n is the grain growth exponent, and T is the absolute temperature.
Fig. 7. Engineering stress-strain curves of (a) CrCoNi, (b) 3Mo and (c) 3Al MEAs with different grain sizes. (d-f) show the relationships between mechanical properties and grain size.
Alloys | Annealing parameter | Grain size ($\text{ }\!\!\mu\!\!\text{ m}$) | ${{\sigma }_{\text{y}}}$ ($\text{MPa}$) | UTS ($\text{MPa}$) | Degree of work hardening (MPa) | εf(%) | ψ (%) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
CrCoNi | 1073?K, 1?h | 3.8 | 523 | 965 | 442 | 65 | 64 |
1123?K, 2?h | 10.9 | 390 | 851 | 461 | 76 | - | |
1173?K, 2?h | 21.8 | 320 | 770 | 450 | 74 | 68 | |
3Al | 1073?K, 1?h | 4.4 | 539 | 924 | 385 | 62 | 68 |
1123?K, 2?h | 12.6 | 421 | 869 | 448 | 79 | - | |
1173?K, 2?h | 25.7 | 342 | 790 | 448 | 69 | 74 | |
3Mo | 1073?K, 1?h | 2.0 | 733 | 1063 | 330 | 49 | 61 |
1123?K, 2?h | 4.8 | 535 | 963 | 428 | 73 | 63 | |
1173?K, 2?h | 16.1 | 435 | 901 | 466 | 74 | 64 |
Table 2 Grain sizes and tensile properties of CrCoNi, 3Al and 3Mo MEAs after different annealing treatments.
Alloys | Annealing parameter | Grain size ($\text{ }\!\!\mu\!\!\text{ m}$) | ${{\sigma }_{\text{y}}}$ ($\text{MPa}$) | UTS ($\text{MPa}$) | Degree of work hardening (MPa) | εf(%) | ψ (%) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
CrCoNi | 1073?K, 1?h | 3.8 | 523 | 965 | 442 | 65 | 64 |
1123?K, 2?h | 10.9 | 390 | 851 | 461 | 76 | - | |
1173?K, 2?h | 21.8 | 320 | 770 | 450 | 74 | 68 | |
3Al | 1073?K, 1?h | 4.4 | 539 | 924 | 385 | 62 | 68 |
1123?K, 2?h | 12.6 | 421 | 869 | 448 | 79 | - | |
1173?K, 2?h | 25.7 | 342 | 790 | 448 | 69 | 74 | |
3Mo | 1073?K, 1?h | 2.0 | 733 | 1063 | 330 | 49 | 61 |
1123?K, 2?h | 4.8 | 535 | 963 | 428 | 73 | 63 | |
1173?K, 2?h | 16.1 | 435 | 901 | 466 | 74 | 64 |
Fig. 8. Fracture surfaces of CrCoNi (a, b), 3Mo (c, d) and 3Al (e, f) at low and high magnifications (all annealed at 1073?K/1?h). The black dotted lines in (a), (c) and (e) outline the fracture surfaces. The values of reduction of area (ψ) and elongation to fracture (εf) for each alloy are listed in the lower right corner in (a), (c) and (e).
Alloys | σ0 (MPa) | k (MPa/μm0.5) |
---|---|---|
CrCoNi | 180 | 673 |
3Mo | 259 | 656 |
3Al | 223 | 665 |
Table 3 Friction stress and Hall-Petch slope of CrCoNi, 3Al and 3Mo MEAs.
Alloys | σ0 (MPa) | k (MPa/μm0.5) |
---|---|---|
CrCoNi | 180 | 673 |
3Mo | 259 | 656 |
3Al | 223 | 665 |
Alloys | Annealing parameter | Grain size (μm) | σy(MPa) | σ0(MPa) | σgb(MPa) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
CrCoNi | 1073?K, 1h | 3.8 | 523 | 180 | 343 |
1123?K, 2h | 10.9 | 390 | 210 | ||
1173?K, 2h | 21.8 | 320 | 140 | ||
3Al | 1073?K, 1h | 4.4 | 539 | 223 | 316 |
1123?K, 2h | 12.6 | 421 | 198 | ||
1173?K, 2h | 25.7 | 342 | 119 | ||
3Mo | 1073?K, 1h | 2.0 | 733 | 259 | 474 |
1123?K, 2h | 4.8 | 535 | 276 | ||
1173?K, 2h | 16.1 | 435 | 176 |
Table 4 Hall-Petch analysis of grain boundary strengthening in CrCoNi, 3Al and 3Mo MEAs for di? ;erent annealing conditions.
Alloys | Annealing parameter | Grain size (μm) | σy(MPa) | σ0(MPa) | σgb(MPa) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
CrCoNi | 1073?K, 1h | 3.8 | 523 | 180 | 343 |
1123?K, 2h | 10.9 | 390 | 210 | ||
1173?K, 2h | 21.8 | 320 | 140 | ||
3Al | 1073?K, 1h | 4.4 | 539 | 223 | 316 |
1123?K, 2h | 12.6 | 421 | 198 | ||
1173?K, 2h | 25.7 | 342 | 119 | ||
3Mo | 1073?K, 1h | 2.0 | 733 | 259 | 474 |
1123?K, 2h | 4.8 | 535 | 276 | ||
1173?K, 2h | 16.1 | 435 | 176 |
Fig. 10. Schematic diagram showing the cumulative effect of grain boundary and solid solution strengthening in the CrCoNi MEA containing a solute with high SDQ and large atomic size.
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