Biocorrosion induced by red-tide alga-bacterium symbiosis and the biofouling induced by dissolved iron for carbon steel in marine environment

doi:10.1016/j.jmst.2022.02.057

Abstract

Abstract:

The assemblages of unicellular microalgae and bacteria in phytoplankton communities can generally result in biodeterioration of metals in marine environment. In this study, the self-promoted biofouling mechanism underneath red-tide alga Phaeodactylum tricornutum and its symbiotic bacterium Bacillus altitudinis was systematically revealed. The mutualistic interaction of the bacteria and algae quadrupled the corrosion rate in comparison to the individual effect of the bacterium or algal strain alone. Reversely, the corroded metal appeared to be an accelerator that can stimulate the activity of the P. tricornutum and aggravate the biological pollution based on the result of 62.3% up-regulation of the key photosynthesis genes. The corrosion-biofouling-accelerated corrosion-deteriorated biofouling formed a vicious cycle.

Key words: Algal-bacterial symbiosis, Marine biofouling, Carbon steel, Corrosion products

Dong Yuqiao, Song Guang-Ling, Zhang Jiawei, Gao Yahui, Ming Wang Zi, Zheng Dajiang. Biocorrosion induced by red-tide alga-bacterium symbiosis and the biofouling induced by dissolved iron for carbon steel in marine environment[J]. J. Mater. Sci. Technol., 2022, 128: 107-117.

Figures/Tables 10

Fig. 1. Identification and purification: (a) bacterial isolation and identification from algal solution, (b) purification of P. tricornutum, (a1) the bacterial biofilms, (b1) the purified P. tricornutum, and (b2) the purified P. tricornutum without associated bacteria.

Fig. 2. EIS spectra: (a) equivalent circuit for the EIS in the sterile control, (b, c) EIS spectra for sterile LB and F/2 media respectively, (a’) equivalent circuit for the EIS in the biotic system, (b’, c’ and c’’) EIS spectra for the B. altitudinis, P. tricornutum and the symbiotic system, and (e) charge transfer resistance obtained from the curve-fitting using the equivalent circuit (a’).

Table 1. Electrochemical parameters from the curve-fitting of EIS spectra of CS during the 14-day incubation.

Duration (day)	R_s (Ω cm²)	Q_fY (μS cm⁻² sⁿ)	R_f (×10⁴ Ω cm²)	Q_dlY (×10⁻⁵ Ω⁻¹cm⁻² sⁿ)	R_ct (×10⁴ Ω cm²)
In the absence of B. altitudinis
1	21.5 ± 1.08	-	-	11.1 ± 1.04	2.55±0.51
4	20.3 ± 0.45	-	-	10.5 ± 0.95	4.06±0.51
7	19.7 ± 0.14	-	-	10.7 ± 0.63	4.67±0.57
10	19.4 ± 3.01	-	-	10.4 ± 0.82	5.49±0.62
14	17.9 ± 0.93	-	-	11.2 ± 0.32	5.87±0.46
In the presence of B. altitudinis
1	20.5 ± 1.86	5.31±0.38	2.00±0.66	11.6 ± 3.34	1.31±0.36
4	17.9 ± 1.54	5.08±0.63	1.48±0.16	7.71±0.90	2.91±0.64
7	17.6 ± 1.38	5.57±0.39	1.73±0.47	8.23±0.67	3.44±0.36
10	17.5 ± 1.95	6.45±0.79	1.47±0.66	8.91±0.54	3.98±0.91
14	16.4 ± 1.17	7.31±1.07	0.72±0.10	9.17±0.97	3.06±0.77
In the absence of the starved B. altitudinis
1	21.4 ± 0.76	-	-	25.4 ± 2.84	0.19±0.04
4	22.3 ± 0.82	-	-	11.2 ± 1.31	5.25±0.63
7	22.0 ± 0.56	-	-	12.7 ± 1.60	6.49±0.62
10	21.6 ± 1.03	-	-	13.9 ± 1.88	7.09±1.43
14	21.1 ± 0.38	-	-	15.5 ± 2.09	8.87±1.61
In the presence of the starved B. altitudinis
1	19.4 ± 2.54	-	-	17.3 ± 0.78	0.21±0.03
4	19.4 ± 2.12	-	-	11.6 ± 0.46	6.03±0.18
7	18.6 ± 2.46	-	-	13.1 ± 0.60	6.35±0.22
10	17.9 ± 2.47	-	-	14.6 ± 0.88	6.82±0.65
14	17.3 ± 2.64	-	-	15.7 ± 0.95	8.05±0.84
In the absence of the symbiotic system
1	10.1 ± 0.81	-	-	27.7 ± 0.01	0.21±0.02
4	11.0 ± 1.77	-	-	82.2 ± 4.94	0.17±0.01
7	11.4 ± 0.64	-	-	101.5 ± 7.10	0.17±0.01
10	11.8 ± 0.75	-	-	131.4 ± 12.4	0.15±0.01
14	12.7 ± 0.78	-	-	170.1 ± 26.7	0.16±0.02
In the presence of P. tricornutum
1	9.04±0.44	-	-	101.4 ± 4.86	0.22±0.03
4	9.80±1.68	-	-	73.3 ± 1.84	0.23±0.02
7	8.94±0.14	-	-	69.1 ± 1.66	0.26±0.04
10	8.50±0.03	-	-	92.7 ± 7.70	0.25±0.03
14	10.1 ± 0.70	-	-	127.5 ± 3.39	0.26±0.02
In the presence of the symbiotic system
1	10.4 ± 0.86	50.0 ± 0.15	7.45±0.71	47.2 ± 1.20	0.16±0.02
4	10.0 ± 1.27	57.9 ± 4.34	5.32±1.77	46.4 ± 8.54	0.20±0.01
7	9.93±0.13	97.8 ± 2.77	7.28±0.59	78.5 ± 2.69	0.13±0.01
10	8.72±1.20	24.2 ± 3.08	8.98±1.17	322.3 ± 19.0	0.12±0.01
14	13.1 ± 1.58	174.6 ± 14.9	18.4 ± 2.45	221.7 ± 5.80	0.15±0.01

Table 1. Electrochemical parameters from the curve-fitting of EIS spectra of CS during the 14-day incubation.

Duration (day)	R_s (Ω cm²)	Q_fY (μS cm⁻² sⁿ)	R_f (×10⁴ Ω cm²)	Q_dlY (×10⁻⁵ Ω⁻¹cm⁻² sⁿ)	R_ct (×10⁴ Ω cm²)
In the absence of B. altitudinis
1	21.5 ± 1.08	-	-	11.1 ± 1.04	2.55±0.51
4	20.3 ± 0.45	-	-	10.5 ± 0.95	4.06±0.51
7	19.7 ± 0.14	-	-	10.7 ± 0.63	4.67±0.57
10	19.4 ± 3.01	-	-	10.4 ± 0.82	5.49±0.62
14	17.9 ± 0.93	-	-	11.2 ± 0.32	5.87±0.46
In the presence of B. altitudinis
1	20.5 ± 1.86	5.31±0.38	2.00±0.66	11.6 ± 3.34	1.31±0.36
4	17.9 ± 1.54	5.08±0.63	1.48±0.16	7.71±0.90	2.91±0.64
7	17.6 ± 1.38	5.57±0.39	1.73±0.47	8.23±0.67	3.44±0.36
10	17.5 ± 1.95	6.45±0.79	1.47±0.66	8.91±0.54	3.98±0.91
14	16.4 ± 1.17	7.31±1.07	0.72±0.10	9.17±0.97	3.06±0.77
In the absence of the starved B. altitudinis
1	21.4 ± 0.76	-	-	25.4 ± 2.84	0.19±0.04
4	22.3 ± 0.82	-	-	11.2 ± 1.31	5.25±0.63
7	22.0 ± 0.56	-	-	12.7 ± 1.60	6.49±0.62
10	21.6 ± 1.03	-	-	13.9 ± 1.88	7.09±1.43
14	21.1 ± 0.38	-	-	15.5 ± 2.09	8.87±1.61
In the presence of the starved B. altitudinis
1	19.4 ± 2.54	-	-	17.3 ± 0.78	0.21±0.03
4	19.4 ± 2.12	-	-	11.6 ± 0.46	6.03±0.18
7	18.6 ± 2.46	-	-	13.1 ± 0.60	6.35±0.22
10	17.9 ± 2.47	-	-	14.6 ± 0.88	6.82±0.65
14	17.3 ± 2.64	-	-	15.7 ± 0.95	8.05±0.84
In the absence of the symbiotic system
1	10.1 ± 0.81	-	-	27.7 ± 0.01	0.21±0.02
4	11.0 ± 1.77	-	-	82.2 ± 4.94	0.17±0.01
7	11.4 ± 0.64	-	-	101.5 ± 7.10	0.17±0.01
10	11.8 ± 0.75	-	-	131.4 ± 12.4	0.15±0.01
14	12.7 ± 0.78	-	-	170.1 ± 26.7	0.16±0.02
In the presence of P. tricornutum
1	9.04±0.44	-	-	101.4 ± 4.86	0.22±0.03
4	9.80±1.68	-	-	73.3 ± 1.84	0.23±0.02
7	8.94±0.14	-	-	69.1 ± 1.66	0.26±0.04
10	8.50±0.03	-	-	92.7 ± 7.70	0.25±0.03
14	10.1 ± 0.70	-	-	127.5 ± 3.39	0.26±0.02
In the presence of the symbiotic system
1	10.4 ± 0.86	50.0 ± 0.15	7.45±0.71	47.2 ± 1.20	0.16±0.02
4	10.0 ± 1.27	57.9 ± 4.34	5.32±1.77	46.4 ± 8.54	0.20±0.01
7	9.93±0.13	97.8 ± 2.77	7.28±0.59	78.5 ± 2.69	0.13±0.01
10	8.72±1.20	24.2 ± 3.08	8.98±1.17	322.3 ± 19.0	0.12±0.01
14	13.1 ± 1.58	174.6 ± 14.9	18.4 ± 2.45	221.7 ± 5.80	0.15±0.01

Fig. 3. Potentiodynamic polarization curves of coupons immersed in different culture media after 14 days: (a) the B. altitudinis and sterile LB media, (b) the P. tricornutum, the symbiotic system and the sterile F/2 media, (c) the improved B. altitudinis and sterile improved LB media, (d) the starved B. altitudinis and sterile starved LB media.

Table 2. Electrochemical parameters calculated from the potentiodynamic polarization curves during the 14-day incubation.

Empty Cell	i_corr (μA cm⁻²)	E_corr (V vs. SCE)
In the presence of B. altitudinis	3.39±1.08	−0.76±0.02
In the absence of B. altitudinis	1.56±0.10	−0.72±0.03
In the presence of P. tricornutum	12.6 ± 0.3	−0.89±0.03
In the presence of the symbiotic system	26.2 ± 0.95	−0.82±0.07
In the absence of the symbiotic system	7.01±0.41	−0.79±0.01

Fig. 4. Pitting corrosion morphologies of the coupon surfaces immersed in the biotic and sterile media and pitting statistical analysis: the optical and the largest pit depth morphologies in the B. altitudinis (a-a2), sterile LB control (b-b2), P. tricornutum (c-c2), symbiotic system (d-d2), and sterile F/2 (e-e2), the statistics of pitting depth of CS coupons immersed in (f) the B. altitudinis and sterile LB media (g) the P. tricornutum and sterile F/2 media.

Fig. 5. Morphologies of CS exposed in the B. altitudinis, P. tricornutum and the symbiotic system for 7-day and 14-day incubation: (a) SEM and Live/dead images (2D and 3D), (b) live and dead cell numbers, and (c) the optical densities.

Fig. 6. High-resolution XPS spectra of (a) O 1S and (b) Fe 2p of B. altitudinis and the sterile LB media, (c) O 1 s, (d) Fe 2p of the symbiotic system and sterile F/2 media, and (e) S 2p of the symbiotic system, (f) the wide‐scan spectra.

Fig. 7. Ion concentration and algal activity results: (a) 7- and 14-day cumulative iron concentration, (b) variation of pH during the cultivation, (c) bioactivity of the P. tricornutum, and (d) gene expression of Rubisco in the presence and absence of CPs after 14-day incubation.

Fig. 8. Schematic illustration of the synergistic effect of MIC and biofouling on the CS coupons.

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