Effect of cumulative gamma irradiation on microstructure and corrosion behaviour of X65 low carbon steel

doi:10.1016/j.jmst.2018.03.017

Abstract

Abstract:

X65 low carbon steel was exposed to Co-60 radiation source with 1.25 MeV gamma rays, and cumulatively absorbed gamma irradiation doses (1, 2, and 3 MGy) were obtained after different exposure time (333, 667, and 1000 h). The effect of cumulative gamma irradiation on microstructure and corrosion behaviour of the carbon steel in unirradiated aerobic Beishan groundwater at 25 °C was investigated by using positron annihilation, scanning vibrating electrode, and electrochemical techniques. Cumulative gamma irradiation increases vacancy intensity and decreases open circuit potential (OCP) of carbon steel. They indicate that the irradiated carbon steel is activated. Measured current density distribution above the irradiated carbon steel shows that cumulative gamma irradiation accelerates localized corrosion after 0.5 h of immersion. In contrast, the analysis of electrochemical impedance spectroscopy of the irradiated carbon steel indicates that localized corrosion is transformed into general corrosion after 12 h of immersion, which is also accelerated by cumulative gamma irradiation.

Key words: A. Irradiation, B. Low carbon steel, C. Defects, D. Potential, E. Corrosion

Canshuai Liu, Jianqiu Wang, Zhiming Zhang, En-Hou Han, Wei Liu, Dong Liang, Zhongtian Yang, Xingzhong Cao. Effect of cumulative gamma irradiation on microstructure and corrosion behaviour of X65 low carbon steel[J]. J. Mater. Sci. Technol., 2018, 34(11): 2131-2139.

Figures/Tables 14

Table 1 Composition of Beishan groundwater (mg/L).

Elements	Na⁺	K⁺	Ca²⁺	Mg²⁺	HCO₃^-	Cl^-	NO₃^-	SO₄^2-	pH
Contents	1696.0	60.6	281.7	211.6	141.5	1869.4	13.9	2836.5	8.35

Fig. 1. (a) OM image and (b) STEM bright field image of X65 low carbon steel.

Fig. 2. (a) Positron annihilation lifetime components of 0, 1, 2, and 3 MGy cumulatively irradiated X65 low carbon steel including short lifetime τ1, long lifetime τ2, bulk lattice lifetime τb, average lifetime τav, and (b) the corresponding intensities I1, I2. The reference lifetimes of bulk, dislocation, and vacancy are shown by horizontal dashed lines.

Fig. 3. Variations of S parameters and W parameters with cumulative gamma irradiation calculated from Doppler broadening spectra.

Fig. 4. OCPs of 0, 1, 2, and 3 MGy cumulatively irradiated X65 low carbon steel in unirradiated aerobic Beishan groundwater at 25 °C during 12 h.

Fig. 5. Current density distribution on the surface of (a) 0&1 MGy, (b) 1&2 MGy, and (c) 2&3 MGy cumulatively irradiated X65 low carbon steel couples after being immersed in unirradiated aerobic Beishan groundwater at 25 °C for 0.5 h and the corresponding surface morphologies (d-f).

Fig. 6. Bode plots recorded on the surface of 0, 1, 2, and 3 MGy cumulatively irradiated X65 low carbon steel after being immersed in unirradiated aerobic Beishan groundwater at 25 °C for 12 h.

Fig. 7. Equivalent circuit used to fit the EIS data.

Table 2 Impedance parameters of 0, 1, 2, and 3 MGy cumulatively irradiated X65 low carbon steel after being immersed in unirradiated anaerobic Beishan groundwater for 12 h.

Irradiation dose (MGy)	R_s (Ω cm²)	Y_dl (10^-4 Ω^-1 cm^-2 s^-n)	n_dl	R_ct (Ω cm²)	Y_f (10^-4 Ω^-1 cm^-2 s^-n)	n_f	R_f (Ω cm²)
0	5.07	3.59	0.78	686.12	3.01	0.85	16.56
1	5.02	3.14	0.79	659.73	3.18	0.86	16.64
2	5.01	3.09	0.79	567.23	4.04	0.84	16.93
3	5.03	3.05	0.79	536.15	5.83	0.86	17.72

Fig. 8. Micro-hardness of 0, 1, 2, and 3 MGy cumulatively irradiated X65 low carbon steel.

Fig. 9. Current density distributions on the surface of unirradiated X65 low carbon steel after being immersed in aerobic Beishan groundwater at 25 °C for (a) 0 h, (b) 0.5 h, (c) 1 h, (d) 1.5 h, (e) 2 h, (f) 3 h, (g) 4 h, (h) 5, and (i) 6 h.

Fig. 10. E-pH diagram composed of the thermodynamic equilibrium of Fe-H2O-0.01 mol/L CO32- at 25 °C in solid line, experimentally determined boundaries for general corrosion, passivity, and pitting in 0.01 mol/L HCO3-/CO32--Cl- solutions at 50 °C in dashed line, and OCP changes of irradiated X65 low carbon steel in unirradiated aerobic Beishan groundwater at 25 °C during 12 h in dotted line (this work).

Fig. 11. EPMA elemental distribution on the surface of X65 low carbon steel after being immersed in unirradiated aerobic Beishan groundwater at 25 °C for 0.5 h.

Table 3 Weight loss and corrosion rates of X65 low carbon steel.

Accumulated irradiation dose (MGy)	Serial number	Weight loss (g)	Surface area (cm²)	Corrosion rate (μm/year)	Average corrosion rate (μm/year)	Standard deviation (μm/year)
0	0-1	0.17262	26.10548	14.65680	14.69213	0.69012
	0-2	0.16526	26.12692	14.02036
	0-3	0.18158	26.13654	15.39925
1	1-1	0.18930	26.70078	15.71470	16.03813	1.08392
	1-2	0.20677	26.57389	17.24694
	1-3	0.17813	26.05708	15.15273
2	2-1	0.20707	27.13528	16.91463	16.91643	0.81384
	2-2	0.20702	28.49522	16.10349
	2-3	0.22690	28.36460	17.73117
3	3-1	0.21912	26.41570	18.38652	18.64453	0.37471
	3-2	0.21914	26.29481	18.47274
	3-3	0.22919	26.63334	19.07434

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