Kinetically enhanced electrochemical redox reactions by chemical bridging SnO2 and graphene sponges toward high-rate and long-cycle lithium ion battery

doi:10.1016/j.jmst.2020.11.082

Abstract

Abstract:

Graphene has been widely used to improve the electrochemical performance in rate and cycling stability for SnO₂. However, the mechanism of the synergistic effect and the interfacial interaction between SnO₂ and graphene are still not fully understood. Herein, we put forward a novel, cost effective strategy to construct hierarchical SnO₂ nanoclusters anchored on the graphene sponges for lithium storage by in situ self assembly. The result shows that the synergistic effect and interfacial interaction origin form the existence of strong oxygen bridges between SnO₂ and graphene via the C—O—Sn linkage. It is demonstrated for the first time that the interfacial interaction by C—O—Sn bonding plays a crucial role in the rate and cycling stability both experimentally and theoretically. Thus, the SnO₂@graphene sponges exhibit remarkable rate capability (a reversible capability of 1141, 997, 912, 831, 693, 536, and 302 mA h g^-1 at 0.2 C, 0.5 C, 1 C, 2 C, 5 C, 10 C and 20 C, respectively) and cycling performance (after 625 cycles at 6 A g^-1 with a capacity retention of 537 mA h g^-1).

Key words: SnO₂, Graphene sponges, C—O—Sn bond, Pseudocapacitive contributions, Lithium ion battery

Lishuang Fan, Yu Zhang, Hao Zhou, Zhikun Guo, Yujie Feng, Naiqing Zhang. Kinetically enhanced electrochemical redox reactions by chemical bridging SnO₂ and graphene sponges toward high-rate and long-cycle lithium ion battery[J]. J. Mater. Sci. Technol., 2021, 88: 250-257.

Figures/Tables 6

Scheme 1. (a) Schematic diagram of the construction of 3D SnO2@GS and interaction between SnO2 and graphene; (b) Schematic illustration of the advantage with 3D conductive graphene for SnO2.

Fig. 1. (a) X-ray diffraction patterns for SnO2@GS. (b) SEM image of the SnO2@GS. (c, d) TEM and HRTEM image of SnO2@GS (inset: the SAED image), (e, f) elemental mapping image. The orange rectangle selected region in (e) corresponds to the EDS results in (f).

Fig. 2. XPS spectrum of the SnO2@GS and the high resolution spectra of C 1s (a), Sn 3d (b), O 1s (c). (d) Raman spectra of graphene and of SnO2@GS.

Fig. 3. (a) CV curve of SnO2@GS nanocomposites in the potential window 0.01-3 V with a scanning rate 0.1 mV s-1. (b) CV curves of the SnO2@GS at a different scan rate. (c) Power law dependence of current on scan rate shows good linearity. (d) The rate performance of the SnO2@GS and SnO2 (1 C = 1200 mAh g-1). (e) Cycling performance curves of the SnO2@GS at 5 C.

Fig. 4. (a) C 1s, (b) O 1s, and (c) Sn 3d XPS supectrum of the SnO2@GS after 625 cycle at 5 C, before cycle (uncycled SnO2@GS) and SnO2 powder. (d) Nyquist plots of the SnO2@GS and SnO2+GS.

Fig. 5. The optimized structure in DFT calculation, showing the reaction from Sn + Li-O-Li to Li and Sn-O in (a) individual SnO2 and (b) SnO2@GS.

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Kinetically enhanced electrochemical redox reactions by chemical bridging SnO₂ and graphene sponges toward high-rate and long-cycle lithium ion battery

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