An effective and green H2O2/H2O/O3 oxidation method for carbon nanotube to reinforce epoxy resin

doi:10.1016/j.jmst.2019.08.038

Abstract

Abstract:

Facile green oxidation methods are always desired to functionalize carbon nanotubes (CNTs) in the production of advanced CNT/epoxy composites. In the present work, an optimized H₂O₂/H₂O/O₃ oxidation method was developed, and performances of the H₂O₂/H₂O/O₃ oxidized CNT in epoxy matrix were tested and compared with that of the H₂O/O₃ oxidized CNT and the most commonly used concentrated HNO₃ oxidized CNT. The physical and chemical characteristics of the obtained oxidized CNTs were systematically characterized via transmission electron microscopy (TEM), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and Raman. Mechanical performances of the obtained composites were explored by tensile tests, impact tests, dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA) and fracture toughness tests. It was found that the H₂O₂/H₂O/O₃ oxidized CNT exhibited all-around overwhelming advantages over the concentrated HNO₃ oxidized CNT on reinforcing the epoxy matrix, while the H₂O/O₃ oxidized CNT only improved the material strength. Reinforcing mechanisms for the different methods oxidized CNTs were studied and compared. The optimized H₂O₂/H₂O/O₃ oxidation method makes scaled production possible, avoids environment pollutions, and holds great potentials to replace the most commonly used concentrated HNO₃ oxidation method to oxidize CNT during the preparation of the advanced CNT/epoxy composite.

Key words: Green oxidation method, Carbon nanotube, Epoxy composite, Mechanical properties, Interfacial interaction

Qi Wang, Wen Shi, Bo Zhu, Dang Sheng Su. An effective and green H₂O₂/H₂O/O₃ oxidation method for carbon nanotube to reinforce epoxy resin[J]. J. Mater. Sci. Technol., 2020, 40: 24-30.

Figures/Tables 12

Fig. 1. Schematic diagram of the H2O/O3 oxidation method (a) and the H2O2/H2O/O3 oxidation method (b).

Fig. 2. TEM images of CNT (a, b), oCNT-1 (c), oCNT-2 (d) and oCNT-3 (e).

Fig. 3. Deconvolutions of the Raman spectra of CNTs.

Table 1 Defects situation of obtained CNTs.

Sample	I_D1/I_G	I_D2/I_G	I_D(1+2)/I_G
CNT	1.59	0.26	1.85
oCNT-1	1.65	0.24	1.89
oCNT-2	2.85	0.38	3.23
oCNT-3	2.51	0.52	3.03

Table 2 XPS results of CNTs.

Sample	C (at.%)	O (at.%)	C=O (at.%)	O=C—O (at.%)	C—OH (at.%)
CNT	97.71	2.29	-	1.22	1.07
oCNT-1	95.29	4.71	1.35	1.81	1.55
oCNT-2	96.92	3.08	-	1.76	1.32
oCNT-3	96.74	3.26	-	1.70	1.56

Fig. 4. Deconvolutions of the O 1s XPS spectra of CNTs.

Table 3 Mechanical performances of the obtained samples.

Sample	Tensile strength (MPa)	Young’s modulus (GPa)	Elongation at break (%)	Impact strength (kJ/m²)	K_1c (MPa m^1/2)	G’30^b (MPa)	T_g^c (°C)
Neat epoxy^a	65.0 ± 2.4	2.77 ± 0.13	5.5 ± 0.6	26.3 ± 2.1	1.16 ± 0.10	757.6	106.9
CNT/epoxy^a	58.0 ± 2.8	2.47 ± 0.05	5.0 ± 0.5	31.3 ± 2.7	4.03 ± 0.18	901.1	106.6
oCNT-1/epoxy^a	69.5 ± 0.4	2.97 ± 0.04	4.8 ± 0.5	41.9 ± 3.1	3.73 ± 0.08	698.6	107.3
oCNT-2/epoxy	76.1 ± 1.1	3.32 ± 0.14	5.2 ± 0.2	26.1 ± 2.5	3.71 ± 0.06	938.5	105.3
oCNT-3/epoxy	73.1 ± 0.4	2.90 ± 0.04	5.9 ± 0.3	42.6 ± 0.6	4.21 ± 0.10	847.5	105.0

Fig. 5. Strain-stress curves of the samples.

Fig. 6. Storage modulus (a) and tanδ (b) vs. temperature curves of the samples (curves of neat epoxy, CNT/epoxy and oCNT-1/epoxy were taken from our previous work [18] for comparison).

Fig. 7. Viscosity vs shear rate curves for epoxy, (oCNT-1+epoxy) and (oCNT-3+epoxy) (curves of epoxy and (oCNT-1+epoxy) were taken from our previous work [18] for comparison).

Fig. 8. Stress conditions of the exposed oCNT fragment under tensile test (a) and impact and fracture toughness tests (b).

Fig. 9. Fracture surfaces of oCNT-2/epoxy composite (a) and oCNT-3/epoxy composite (b).

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An effective and green H₂O₂/H₂O/O₃ oxidation method for carbon nanotube to reinforce epoxy resin

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