An effective and green H2O2/H2O/O3 oxidation method for carbon nanotube to reinforce epoxy resin

doi:10.1016/j.jmst.2019.08.038

Abstract

Abstract:

Facile green oxidation methods are always desired to functionalize carbon nanotubes (CNTs) in the production of advanced CNT/epoxy composites. In the present work, an optimized H₂O₂/H₂O/O₃ oxidation method was developed, and performances of the H₂O₂/H₂O/O₃ oxidized CNT in epoxy matrix were tested and compared with that of the H₂O/O₃ oxidized CNT and the most commonly used concentrated HNO₃ oxidized CNT. The physical and chemical characteristics of the obtained oxidized CNTs were systematically characterized via transmission electron microscopy (TEM), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and Raman. Mechanical performances of the obtained composites were explored by tensile tests, impact tests, dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA) and fracture toughness tests. It was found that the H₂O₂/H₂O/O₃ oxidized CNT exhibited all-around overwhelming advantages over the concentrated HNO₃ oxidized CNT on reinforcing the epoxy matrix, while the H₂O/O₃ oxidized CNT only improved the material strength. Reinforcing mechanisms for the different methods oxidized CNTs were studied and compared. The optimized H₂O₂/H₂O/O₃ oxidation method makes scaled production possible, avoids environment pollutions, and holds great potentials to replace the most commonly used concentrated HNO₃ oxidation method to oxidize CNT during the preparation of the advanced CNT/epoxy composite.

Key words: Green oxidation method, Carbon nanotube, Epoxy composite, Mechanical properties, Interfacial interaction

Qi Wang, Wen Shi, Bo Zhu, Dang Sheng Su. An effective and green H₂O₂/H₂O/O₃ oxidation method for carbon nanotube to reinforce epoxy resin[J]. J. Mater. Sci. Technol., 2020, 40(0): 24-30.

Figures/Tables 12

Fig. 1. Schematic diagram of the H2O/O3 oxidation method (a) and the H2O2/H2O/O3 oxidation method (b).

Fig. 2. TEM images of CNT (a, b), oCNT-1 (c), oCNT-2 (d) and oCNT-3 (e).

Fig. 3. Deconvolutions of the Raman spectra of CNTs.

Table 1 Defects situation of obtained CNTs.

Sample	I_D1/I_G	I_D2/I_G	I_D(1+2)/I_G
CNT	1.59	0.26	1.85
oCNT-1	1.65	0.24	1.89
oCNT-2	2.85	0.38	3.23
oCNT-3	2.51	0.52	3.03

Table 2 XPS results of CNTs.

Sample	C (at.%)	O (at.%)	C=O (at.%)	O=C—O (at.%)	C—OH (at.%)
CNT	97.71	2.29	-	1.22	1.07
oCNT-1	95.29	4.71	1.35	1.81	1.55
oCNT-2	96.92	3.08	-	1.76	1.32
oCNT-3	96.74	3.26	-	1.70	1.56

Fig. 4. Deconvolutions of the O 1s XPS spectra of CNTs.

Table 3 Mechanical performances of the obtained samples.

Sample	Tensile strength (MPa)	Young’s modulus (GPa)	Elongation at break (%)	Impact strength (kJ/m²)	K_1c (MPa m^1/2)	G’30^b (MPa)	T_g^c (°C)
Neat epoxy^a	65.0 ± 2.4	2.77 ± 0.13	5.5 ± 0.6	26.3 ± 2.1	1.16 ± 0.10	757.6	106.9
CNT/epoxy^a	58.0 ± 2.8	2.47 ± 0.05	5.0 ± 0.5	31.3 ± 2.7	4.03 ± 0.18	901.1	106.6
oCNT-1/epoxy^a	69.5 ± 0.4	2.97 ± 0.04	4.8 ± 0.5	41.9 ± 3.1	3.73 ± 0.08	698.6	107.3
oCNT-2/epoxy	76.1 ± 1.1	3.32 ± 0.14	5.2 ± 0.2	26.1 ± 2.5	3.71 ± 0.06	938.5	105.3
oCNT-3/epoxy	73.1 ± 0.4	2.90 ± 0.04	5.9 ± 0.3	42.6 ± 0.6	4.21 ± 0.10	847.5	105.0

Fig. 5. Strain-stress curves of the samples.

Fig. 6. Storage modulus (a) and tanδ (b) vs. temperature curves of the samples (curves of neat epoxy, CNT/epoxy and oCNT-1/epoxy were taken from our previous work [18] for comparison).

Fig. 7. Viscosity vs shear rate curves for epoxy, (oCNT-1+epoxy) and (oCNT-3+epoxy) (curves of epoxy and (oCNT-1+epoxy) were taken from our previous work [18] for comparison).

Fig. 8. Stress conditions of the exposed oCNT fragment under tensile test (a) and impact and fracture toughness tests (b).

Fig. 9. Fracture surfaces of oCNT-2/epoxy composite (a) and oCNT-3/epoxy composite (b).

References

[1]	Q. Wang, G. Wen, L. Liu, B. Zhu, D. Su, J. Mater. Sci. Technol. 34 (2018) 990-994.
[2]	X. Liu, W. Liu, Q. Xia, J. Feng, Y. Qiu, F. Xu, Compos. Part A-Appl. Sci. Manuf. 121 (2019) 123-129.
[3]	F. Gojny, M. Wichmann, B. Fiedler, K. Schulte, Compos. Sci. Technol. 65 (2005)2300-2313.
[4]	W. Liu, K.L. Koh, J. Lu, L. Yang, S. Phua, J. Kong, Z. Chen, X. Lu, J. Mater. Chem. 22 (2012) 18395-18402.
[5]	A.S. Wajid, H.S.T. Ahmed, S. Das, F. Irin, A.F. Jankowski, M.J. Green, Macromol.Mater. Eng. 298 (2013) 339-347.
[6]	V.N. Mochalin, I. Neitzel, B.J.M. Etzold, A. Peterson, G. Palmese, Y. Gogotsi, ACSNano 5 (2011) 7494-7502.
[7]	A. Bisht, R.M. Kumar, K. Dasgupta, D. Lahiri, Mech. Mater. 135 (2019) 114-128.
[8]	Q. Zhang, J.Q. Huang, W.Z. Qian, Y.Y. Zhang, F. Wei, Small 9 (2013) 1237-1265.
[9]	M. Tarfaoui, K. Lafdi, A. El Moumen, Compos. Part B-Eng. 103 (2016) 113-121.
[10]	P. Katti, S. Bose, S. Kumar, Polymer 102 (2016) 43-53.
[11]	H. Qian, E.S. Greenhalgh, M.S.P. Shaffer, A. Bismarck, J. Mater. Chem. 20 (2010)4751.
[12]	K.S. Khare, F. Khabaz, R. Khare, ACS Appl. Mater. Interface 6 (2014) 6098-6110.
[13]	D. Qian, G.J. Wagner, W.K. Liu, M.F. Yu, R.S. Ruoff, Appl. Mech. Rev. 55 (2002)495.
[14]	E.T. Thostenson, T.W. Chou, J. Phys. D-Appl. Phys. 36 (2003) 573-582.
[15]	J. Zhu, H. Peng, F. Rodriguez-Macias, J.L. Margrave, V.N. Khabashesku, A.M. Imam, K. Lozano, E.V. Barrera, Adv. Funct. Mater. 14 (2004) 643-648.
[16]	O. Lourie, H.D. Wagner, Appl. Phys. Lett. 73 (1998) 3527-3529.
[17]	H. Jung, H.K. Choi, S. Kim, H.S. Lee, Y. Kim, J. Yu, Compos. Part A-Appl. Sci.Manuf. 103 (2017) 17-24.
[18]	Q. Wang, G. Wen, J. Chen, D.S. Su, J. Mater. Sci. Technol. 34 (2018) 2205-2211.
[19]	A. Allaoui, S. Bai, H.M. Cheng, J.B. Bai, Compos. Sci. Technol. 62 (2002)1993-1998.
[20]	W. Zhang, R.C. Picu, N. Koratkar, Appl. Phys. Lett. 91 (2007), 193109.
[21]	F.H. Gojny, M.H.G. Wichmann, U. Köpke, B. Fiedler, K. Schulte, Compos. Sci.Technol. 64 (2004) 2363-2371.
[22]	S. Wang, Z. Liang, P. Gonnet, Y.H. Liao, B. Wang, C. Zhang, Adv. Funct. Mater. 17 (2007) 87-92.
[23]	J. Zhu, J. Kim, H. Peng, J.L. Margrave, V.N. Khabashesku, E.V. Barrera, Nano Lett. 3 (2003) 1107-1113.
[24]	Z. ˇSpitalsk´y, C.A. Krontiras, S.N. Georga, C. Galiotis, Compos. Part A-Appl. Sci.Manuf. 40 (2009) 778-783.
[25]	M.L. Sham, J.K. Kim, Carbon 44 (2006) 768-777.
[26]	H. Gu, S. Tadakamalla, X. Zhang, Y. Huang, Y. Jiang, H.A. Colorado, Z. Luo, S. Wei, Z. Guo, J. Mater. Chem. C 1 (2013) 729-743.
[27]	J. Che, M.B. Chan-Park, Adv. Funct. Mater. 18 (6) (2008) 888-897.
[28]	J. Che, W. Yuan, G. Jiang, J. Dai, S.Y. Lim, M.B. Chan-Park, Chem. Mater. 21 (2009) 1471-1479.
[29]	L.J. Cui, Y.B. Wang, W.J. Xiu, W.Y. Wang, L.H. Xu, X.B. Xu, Y. Meng, L.Y. Li, J. Gao,L.T. Chen, H.Z. Geng, Mater. Des. 49 (2013) 279-284.
[30]	D.B. Mawhinney, V. Naumenko, A. Kuznetsova, J.T. Yates, J. Liu, R.E. Smalley, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 122 (2000) 2383-2384.
[31]	M. Li, M. Boggs, T.P. Beebe, C.P. Huang, Carbon 46 (2008) 466-475.
[32]	Z.Q. Liu, J. Ma, Y.H. Cui, B.P. Zhang, Appl. Catal. B-Environ. 92 (2009) 301-306.
[33]	K. Peng, L.Q. Liu, H. Li, H. Meyer, Z. Zhang, Carbon 49 (2011) 70-76.
[34]	L.C. Tang, H. Zhang, J.H. Han, X.P. Wu, Z. Zhang, Compos. Sci. Technol. 72 (2011) 7-13.
[35]	J. Luo, Y. Liu, H. Wei, B. Wang, K.H. Wu, B. Zhang, D.S. Su, Green Chem. 19 (2017) 1052-1062.
[36]	W. Liu, B. Chen, X. Duan, K.H. Wu, W. Qi, X. Guo, B. Zhang, D. Su, ACS Catal. 7 (2017) 5820-5827.
[37]	A. Cuesta, P. Dhamelincourt, J. Laureyns, A. Martínez-Alonso, J.M.D. Tascón, Carbon 32 (1994) 1523-1532.
[38]	T. Jawhari, A. Roid, J. Casado, Carbon 33 (1995) 1561-1565.
[39]	B. Dippel, H. Jander, J. Heintzenberg, Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys. 1 (1999)4707-4712.
[40]	Y. Wang, D.C. Alsmeyer, R.L.McCreery, Chem.Mater. 2 (1990) 557-563.
[41]	F. Tuinstra, J.L. Koenig, J. Chem. Phys. 53 (1970) 1126-1130.
[42]	Q. Wang, D.S. Su, Compos. Commun. 9 (2018) 54-57.
[43]	J. Zhu, S. Wei, J. Ryu, L. Sun, Z. Luo, Z. Guo, ACS Appl. Mater. Interface 2 (2010)2100-2107.
[44]	G. Sui, Z.G. Zhang, C.Q. Chen, W.H. Zhong, Mater. Chem. Phys. 78 (2003)349-357.
[45]	S.A. Rakha, R. Raza, A. Munir, Polym. Compos. 34 (2013) 811-818.
[46]	N. Domun, H. Hadavinia, T. Zhang, T. Sainsbury, G.H. Liaghat, S. Vahid, Nanoscale 7 (2015) 10294-10329.

An effective and green H₂O₂/H₂O/O₃ oxidation method for carbon nanotube to reinforce epoxy resin

RichHTML

PDF (PC)

Knowledge

Abstract

Cite this article

share this article

Figures/Tables 12

References

Related Articles 15

Recommended Articles

Metrics

Comments

[1]	Lin Yuan, Jiangtao Xiong, Yajie Du, Jin Ren, Junmiao Shi, Jinglong Li. Microstructure and mechanical properties in the TLP joint of FeCoNiTiAl and Inconel 718 alloys using BNi2 filler [J]. J. Mater. Sci. Technol., 2021, 61(0): 176-185.
[2]	Hui Jiang, Dongxu Qiao, Wenna Jiao, Kaiming Han, Yiping Lu, Peter K. Liaw. Tensile deformation behavior and mechanical properties of a bulk cast Al_0.9CoFeNi₂ eutectic high-entropy alloy [J]. J. Mater. Sci. Technol., 2021, 61(0): 119-124.
[3]	Qin Xu, Dezhi Chen, Chongyang Tan, Xiaoqin Bi, Qi Wang, Hongzhi Cui, Shuyan Zhang, Ruirun Chen. NbMoTiVSi_x refractory high entropy alloys strengthened by forming BCC phase and silicide eutectic structure [J]. J. Mater. Sci. Technol., 2021, 60(0): 1-7.
[4]	Xing Zhou, Jingrui Deng, Changqing Fang, Wanqing Lei, Yonghua Song, Zisen Zhang, Zhigang Huang, Yan Li. Additive manufacturing of CNTs/PLA composites and the correlation between microstructure and functional properties [J]. J. Mater. Sci. Technol., 2021, 60(0): 27-34.
[5]	Xiaoxiao Li, Meiqiong Ou, Min Wang, Long Zhang, Yingche Ma, Kui Liu. Effect of boron addition on the microstructure and mechanical properties of K4750 nickel-based superalloy [J]. J. Mater. Sci. Technol., 2021, 60(0): 177-185.
[6]	Timothy Alexander Listyawan, Hyunjong Lee, Nokeun Park. A new guide for improving mechanical properties of non-equiatomic FeCoCrMnNi medium- and high-entropy alloys with ultrasonic nanocrystal surface modification process [J]. J. Mater. Sci. Technol., 2020, 59(0): 37-43.
[7]	Yanfu Chai, Chao He, Bin Jiang, Jie Fu, Zhongtao Jiang, Qingshan Yang, Haoran Sheng, Guangsheng Huang, Dingfei Zhang, Fusheng Pan. Influence of minor Ce additions on the microstructure and mechanical properties of Mg-1.0Sn-0.6Ca alloy [J]. J. Mater. Sci. Technol., 2020, 37(0): 26-37.
[8]	Yinghui Zhou, Xin Lin, Nan Kang, Weidong Huang, Jiang Wang, Zhennan Wang. Influence of travel speed on microstructure and mechanical properties of wire + arc additively manufactured 2219 aluminum alloy [J]. J. Mater. Sci. Technol., 2020, 37(0): 143-153.
[9]	Qiuyan Huang, Yang Liu, Aiyue Zhang, Haoxin Jiang, Hucheng Pan, Xiaohui Feng, Changlin Yang, Tianjiao Luo, Yingju Li, Yuansheng Yang. Age hardening responses of as-extruded Mg-2.5Sn-1.5Ca alloys with a wide range of Al concentration [J]. J. Mater. Sci. Technol., 2020, 38(0): 39-46.
[10]	A.V. Pozdniakov, R.Yu. Barkov. Microstructure and mechanical properties of novel Al-Y-Sc alloys with high thermal stability and electrical conductivity [J]. J. Mater. Sci. Technol., 2020, 36(0): 1-6.
[11]	P. Wang, C.S. Lao, Z.W. Chen, Y.K. Liu, H. Wang, H. Wendrock, J. Eckert, S. Scudino. Microstructure and mechanical properties of Al-12Si and Al-3.5Cu-1.5Mg-1Si bimetal fabricated by selective laser melting [J]. J. Mater. Sci. Technol., 2020, 36(0): 18-26.
[12]	Maryam Jamalian, David P.Field. Gradient microstructure and enhanced mechanical performance of magnesium alloy by severe impact loading [J]. J. Mater. Sci. Technol., 2020, 36(0): 45-49.
[13]	Chuang Liu, Fanxin Zeng, Li Xu, Shuangyu Liu, Jincheng Liu, Xinping Ai, Hanxi Yang, Yuliang Cao. Enhanced cycling stability of antimony anode by downsizing particle and combining carbon nanotube for high-performance sodium-ion batteries [J]. J. Mater. Sci. Technol., 2020, 55(0): 81-88.
[14]	C. Yang, J.F. Zhang, G.N. Ma, L.H. Wu, X.M. Zhang, G.Z. He, P. Xue, D.R. Ni, B.L. Xiao, K.S. Wang, Z.Y. Ma. Microstructure and mechanical properties of double-side friction stir welded 6082Al ultra-thick plates [J]. J. Mater. Sci. Technol., 2020, 41(0): 105-116.
[15]	Miao Cao, Qi Zhang, Ke Huang, Xinjian Wang, Botao Chang, Lei Cai. Microstructural evolution and deformation behavior of copper alloy during rheoforging process [J]. J. Mater. Sci. Technol., 2020, 42(0): 17-27.