Highly efficient degradation of acid orange II on a defect-enriched Fe-based nanoporous electrode by the pulsed square-wave method

doi:10.1016/j.jmst.2021.03.041

Abstract

Abstract:

The degradation of acid orange II (AO II) by a nanoporous Fe-Si-B (NP-FeSiB) electrode under the pulsed square-wave potential has been investigated in this research. Defect-enriched NP-FeSiB electrode was fabricated through dealloying of annealed Fe₇₆Si₉B₁₅ amorphous ribbons. The results of UV-vis spectra and FTIR indicated that AO II solution was degraded efficiently into unharmful molecules H₂O and CO₂ on NP-FeSiB electrode within 5 mins under the square-wave potential of ±1.5 V. The degradation efficiency of the NP-FeSiB electrode remains 98.9% even after 5-time recycling. The large amount of active surface area of the nanoporous FeSiB electrode with lattice disorders and stacking faults, and alternate electrochemical redox reactions were mainly responsible for the excellent degradation performance of the NP-FeSiB electrode. The electrochemical pulsed square-wave process accelerated the redox of Fe element in Fe-based nanoporous electrode and promoted the generation of hydroxyl radicals (•OH) with strong oxidizability as predominant oxidants for the degradation of azo dye molecules, which was not only beneficial to improving the catalytic degradation activity, but also beneficial to enhancing the reusability of the nanoporous electrode. This work provides a highly possibility to efficiently degrade azo dyes and broadens the application fields of nanoporous metals.

Key words: Amorphous alloy, Nanoporous electrode, Defects, Azo dye, Electrochemical degradation, Pulsed square-wave potential

Yuchen Chi, Feng Chen, Hangning Wang, Fengxiang Qin, Haifeng Zhang. Highly efficient degradation of acid orange II on a defect-enriched Fe-based nanoporous electrode by the pulsed square-wave method[J]. J. Mater. Sci. Technol., 2021, 92: 40-50.

Figures/Tables 15

Fig. 1. XRD patterns of as-spun AM-FeSiB ribbons, annealed-FeSiB ribbons and NP-FeSiB ribbons.

Fig. 2. SEM images of the surface (a) and cross-sectional morphology (b) of NP-FeSiB ribbon after dealloying in 0.05 M H2SO4 solution for 30 min.

Fig. 3. TEM image (a), HRTEM images of the red square marked area in a (b), and blue square marked area in b (c), as well as structure model of lattice disorders in α-Fe (d). The inset in (a) is SAED pattern.

Fig. 4. TEM image (a), HRTEM images of blue square marked area in a (b), red square marked area in a (c) and FFT for NP-FeSiB ribbon (d).

Fig. 5. Chronoamperometric responses of AM-FeSiB electrode (a) and NP-FeSiB electrode (b) during AO II degradation under pulsed square-wave and constant potentials.

Fig. 6. UV-vis spectra of AO II vs time (a-c) and normalized concentration (Ct/C0) vs time (d) during the degradation process by NP-FeSiB electrodes under pulsed square-wave and constant potentials.

Fig. 7. Normalized concentration (Ct/C0) vs time during the degradation process at ±1.5 V under the pulsed square-wave potential.

Fig. 8. Degradation efficiencies of AO II solution after different reusage times under the square-wave potential.

Fig. 9. SEM images of NP-FeSiB ribbons after first cycle (a) and 5-time reusage (b) of AO II degradation.

Fig. 10. XPS spectra of Fe 2p (a); Si 2p (b); B 1 s (c) and C 1 s (d) on AM-FeSiB and NP-FeSiB ribbons before and after reacted with AO II.

Table 1 Relative fractions of Fe 2p and O 1 s in different valences for AM-FeSiB and NP-FeSiB ribbons before and after degradation of AO II.

Sample	Fraction of Fe 2p (%)			Fraction of O 1 s (%)
	Fe³⁺	Fe2+	Fe0	H₂O	OH^-	OM
AM-FeSiB	-	83.6	16.4	21.9	50.1	28.0
AM-FeSiB
(reacted with AO II)	85.1	14.9	-	13.2	44.6	42.2
NP-FeSiB	95.5	4.1	0.4	65.6	30.4	4.0
NP-FeSiB
(reacted with AO II)	66.6	33.4	-	9.9	40.9	49.2

Fig. 11. Atomic percentage of AM-FeSiB and NP-FeSiB ribbons before and after degradation of AO II.

Fig. 12. FTIR spectra of AO II solutions after different degradation reaction times.

Fig. 13. Effect of 4-HBA (a) and H2O2 concentration (b) on the electrochemical degradation of AO Ⅱ by NP-FeSiB electrodes under the pulsed square-wave potential.

Fig. 14. Schematic illustration of azo dye degradation using the nanoporous electrode by the pulsed square-wave method.

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