J. Mater. Sci. Technol. ›› 2021, Vol. 79: 101-108.DOI: 10.1016/j.jmst.2020.11.042
• Research Article • Previous Articles Next Articles
Dan Liua,b,c, Hongying Yangc, Jianhui Lia, Jiaqi Lib, Yizhe Dongb, Chuntian Yangb, Yuting Jinb, Lekbach Yassirb, Zhong Lib, David Hernandezd, Dake Xub,*(
), Fuhui Wangb, Jessica A. Smithd
Received:2020-09-07
Revised:2020-11-04
Accepted:2020-11-17
Published:2020-12-09
Online:2020-12-09
Contact:
Dake Xu
About author:* E-mail address: xudake@mail.neu.edu.cn (D. Xu).1These authors contributed equally to this work.
Dan Liu, Hongying Yang, Jianhui Li, Jiaqi Li, Yizhe Dong, Chuntian Yang, Yuting Jin, Lekbach Yassir, Zhong Li, David Hernandez, Dake Xu, Fuhui Wang, Jessica A. Smith. Electron transfer mediator PCN secreted by aerobic marine Pseudomonas aeruginosa accelerates microbiologically influenced corrosion of TC4 titanium alloy[J]. J. Mater. Sci. Technol., 2021, 79: 101-108.
Fig. 1. EOCP (a) and 1/Rp (b) measurements overtime of the TC4 titanium alloy coupons inoculated in either sterile medium or medium with P. aeruginosa.
Fig. 2. Bode and Nyquist plots, physical models and corresponding equivalent circuits for TC4 titanium alloy coupons incubated in sterile medium or inoculated with P. aeruginosa: (a, b) Bode and Nyquist plots from the sterile medium, (c, d) Bode and Nyquist plots in the presence of P. aeruginosa, (e, f) physical models and the corresponding equivalent circuits in the sterile and P. aeruginosa inoculations, respectively.
| Duration (d) | RS (Ω cm2) | Qf (×10-5 Ω -1 sn cm-2) | nf | Rf (× 105 Ω cm 2) | Qdl (× 10-5 Ω -1 sn cm-2) | ndl | Rct (kΩ cm2) | Σχ2(× 10-4) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Sterile medium | ||||||||
| 1 | 19.3 ± 1.3 | 2.3 ± 0.5 | 0.94 ± 0.05 | 869 ± 49 | 8.7 ± 1.5 | |||
| 4 | 16.1 ± 0.3 | 2.8 ± 0.1 | 0.91 ± 0.01 | 1263 ± 68 | 3.2 ± 1.6 | |||
| 7 | 17.4 ± 0.8 | 2.7 ± 0.1 | 0.91 ± 0.02 | 1164 ± 94 | 5.9 ± 0.1 | |||
| 14 | 16.2 ± 0.7 | 2.5 ± 0.2 | 0.91 ± 0.02 | 1098 ± 41 | 6.2 ± 1.3 | |||
| Medium with P. aeruginosa | ||||||||
| 1 | 13.5 ± 4.9 | 2.3 ± 0.3 | 0.92 ± 0.01 | 3.9 ± 0.7 | 3.5 ± 0.1 | 0.91 ± 0.06 | 660 ± 42 | 2.6 ± 0.7 |
| 4 | 11.8 ± 2.2 | 5.8 ± 1.6 | 0.91 ± 0.03 | 4.2 ± 0.9 | 7.1 ± 0.6 | 0.86 ± 0.06 | 1042 ± 79 | 6.1 ± 0.3 |
| 7 | 12.1 ± 2.8 | 2.8 ± 0.7 | 0.88 ± 0.07 | 4.5 ± 0.2 | 4.1 ± 0.4 | 0.78 ± 0.04 | 893 ± 26 | 4.9 ± 0.1 |
| 14 | 14.4 ± 0.1 | 2.2 ± 0.1 | 0.93 ± 0.01 | 4.1 ± 0.1 | 3.7 ± 0.8 | 0.69 ± 0.01 | 795 ± 38 | 3.6 ± 0.5 |
Table 1 Electrochemical model impedance parameters of TC4 titanium alloy incubated in sterile medium or medium with P. aeruginosa.
| Duration (d) | RS (Ω cm2) | Qf (×10-5 Ω -1 sn cm-2) | nf | Rf (× 105 Ω cm 2) | Qdl (× 10-5 Ω -1 sn cm-2) | ndl | Rct (kΩ cm2) | Σχ2(× 10-4) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Sterile medium | ||||||||
| 1 | 19.3 ± 1.3 | 2.3 ± 0.5 | 0.94 ± 0.05 | 869 ± 49 | 8.7 ± 1.5 | |||
| 4 | 16.1 ± 0.3 | 2.8 ± 0.1 | 0.91 ± 0.01 | 1263 ± 68 | 3.2 ± 1.6 | |||
| 7 | 17.4 ± 0.8 | 2.7 ± 0.1 | 0.91 ± 0.02 | 1164 ± 94 | 5.9 ± 0.1 | |||
| 14 | 16.2 ± 0.7 | 2.5 ± 0.2 | 0.91 ± 0.02 | 1098 ± 41 | 6.2 ± 1.3 | |||
| Medium with P. aeruginosa | ||||||||
| 1 | 13.5 ± 4.9 | 2.3 ± 0.3 | 0.92 ± 0.01 | 3.9 ± 0.7 | 3.5 ± 0.1 | 0.91 ± 0.06 | 660 ± 42 | 2.6 ± 0.7 |
| 4 | 11.8 ± 2.2 | 5.8 ± 1.6 | 0.91 ± 0.03 | 4.2 ± 0.9 | 7.1 ± 0.6 | 0.86 ± 0.06 | 1042 ± 79 | 6.1 ± 0.3 |
| 7 | 12.1 ± 2.8 | 2.8 ± 0.7 | 0.88 ± 0.07 | 4.5 ± 0.2 | 4.1 ± 0.4 | 0.78 ± 0.04 | 893 ± 26 | 4.9 ± 0.1 |
| 14 | 14.4 ± 0.1 | 2.2 ± 0.1 | 0.93 ± 0.01 | 4.1 ± 0.1 | 3.7 ± 0.8 | 0.69 ± 0.01 | 795 ± 38 | 3.6 ± 0.5 |
Fig. 3. Representative 3-D CLSM image of biofilm and the largest pits. The TC4 titanium alloy coupon-biofilm after incubation with P. aeruginosa for (a) 7 and (b) 14 days. The largest pits on TC4 titanium alloy coupons after 14 days of incubation in either (c) sterile medium or (d) medium with P. aeruginosa.
Fig. 4. XPS analysis of corrosion products. (a) XPS survey spectra of TC4 titanium alloy after 14 days of incubation in sterile medium versus medium inoculated with either aerobically-grown or anaerobically-grown P. aeruginosa. XPS spectra of Ti 2p after 14 days of incubation in (b) sterile medium, (c) culture medium with aerobically-grown P. aeruginosa, and (d) culture medium with anaerobically-grown P. aeruginosa.
| Sample | C | N | O | Cl | Ti | V | Al |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Sterile medium | 3.3 | 0.3 | 53.7 | 4.4 | 30.5 | 0.5 | 7.3 |
| Aerobically-grown P. aeruginosa | 36.9 | 3.4 | 35.4 | 5.2 | 14.7 | 0.3 | 4.1 |
| Anaerobically-grown P. aeruginosa | 9.1 | 0.5 | 50.9 | 3.5 | 29.2 | 0.3 | 6.5 |
Table 2 Relative atomic concentrations (at.%) of the main detected corrosion elements after incubating the TC4 titanium alloy coupons for 14-days in either sterile medium, aerobically-grown P. aeruginosa, or anaerobically-grown P. aeruginosa.
| Sample | C | N | O | Cl | Ti | V | Al |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Sterile medium | 3.3 | 0.3 | 53.7 | 4.4 | 30.5 | 0.5 | 7.3 |
| Aerobically-grown P. aeruginosa | 36.9 | 3.4 | 35.4 | 5.2 | 14.7 | 0.3 | 4.1 |
| Anaerobically-grown P. aeruginosa | 9.1 | 0.5 | 50.9 | 3.5 | 29.2 | 0.3 | 6.5 |
| Sample | Ecorr (mV) vs. SCE | icorr (nA cm-2) |
|---|---|---|
| Sterile medium | -469 ± 4 | 22 ± 3 |
| Wild-type P. aeruginosa | -848 ± 1 | 54 ± 8 |
| P. aeruginosa Δ phzH | -505 ± 4 | 28 ± 12 |
| P. aeruginosa phzH complementation | -819 ± 24 | 45 ± 7 |
Table 3 Electrochemical corrosion parameters determined from the TC4 titanium alloy coupon polarization curves after 14-day incubations in sterile medium or with varying strains of P. aeruginosa.
| Sample | Ecorr (mV) vs. SCE | icorr (nA cm-2) |
|---|---|---|
| Sterile medium | -469 ± 4 | 22 ± 3 |
| Wild-type P. aeruginosa | -848 ± 1 | 54 ± 8 |
| P. aeruginosa Δ phzH | -505 ± 4 | 28 ± 12 |
| P. aeruginosa phzH complementation | -819 ± 24 | 45 ± 7 |
Fig. 5. Variations in pH with incubating TC4 titanium alloy coupons in either sterile medium or medium with P. aeruginosa.
Fig. 6. (a) PCN concentrations in the culture medium after 14 days of incubation with TC4 titanium alloy; (b) TC4 titanium alloy 1/Rp values during 14 days of incubation with various P. aeruginosa strains; (c) TC4 titanium alloy polarization curves after 14 days of incubation with various P. aeruginosa strains; (d) Sessile cell count and icorr of per cell after 14 days of incubation with various P. aeruginosa strains.
Fig. 7. 3-D CLSM images of (a) phzH-deficient and (b) phzH-complemented P. aeruginosa biofilm after incubation with TC4 titanium alloy coupon for 14 days.
Fig. 8. Schematic illustration of MIC mechanism which is induced by electron transfer between P. aeruginosa and the metal surfaces via extracellular electron transfer process via PCN.
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