Diameter-dependent in vitro performance of biodegradable pure zinc wires for suture application

doi:10.1016/j.jmst.2019.03.006

Abstract

Abstract:

In this study, biodegradable pure zinc wires with 3.0 mm and 0.3 mm in diameter were prepared via hot-extrusion and subsequent cold-drawing process respectively. The microstructure, mechanical performance, corrosion behavior, in vitro cytocompatibility and antibacterial effect were comparatively studied. After cold-drawing, the mechanical property, especially the elongation of the ф0.3 mm pure Zn wire was improved significantly compared with the ф3.0 mm pure Zn wire. The in vitro corrosion study including immersion and electrochemical test showed acceptable corrosion resistance of these two materials in Hank's solution. The in vitro Human Umbilical Vein Endothelial Cells (HUVECs) viability assay showed obviously different results, in which the ф0.3 mm pure Zn wire demonstrated favorable cytocompatibility, while the ф3.0 mm wire exhibited severe cytotoxic effect with 100% extract concentration. Both of them exhibited partly antibacterial effect on S. aureus. These results demonstrated the feasibility of the prepared 0.3 mm pure Zn wire as the potential suture material with good absorbability.

Key words: Pure zinc, Wire, Biodegradable metal, Suture

H. Guo, R.H. Cao, Y.F. Zheng, J. Bai, F. Xue, C.L. Chu. Diameter-dependent in vitro performance of biodegradable pure zinc wires for suture application[J]. J. Mater. Sci. Technol., 2019, 35(8): 1662-1670.

Figures/Tables 11

Fig. 1. XRD results of ф3.0 mm and ф0.3 mm pure Zn wires.

Fig. 2. Microstructures of (a) ф3.0 mm and (b) ф0.3 mm pure Zn wires observed by SEM. The extruding and drawing direction were labelled by black arrow.

Fig. 3. Mechanical property parameters of ф3.0 mm and ф0.3 mm pure Zn wires. Tensile properties of (a) ф3.0 mm and ф0.3 mm pure Zn wires and (b) ф0.3 mm pure Zn wires before and after knotting, (c) images of ф3.0 mm pure zinc wires after being wound around cylinders with different diameters, (d) images of ф0.3 mm pure zinc wires with knot and loop, (e) microstructures of knotted ф0.3 mm pure zinc wires and some tiny hairline cracks can be seen in the knots by SEM.

Fig. 4. (a) Weight loss and (b) corrosion rate of ф3.0 mm and ф0.3 mm pure Zn wires after immersion in Hank's solution for different days.

Fig. 5. Surface morphologies of (a-b) ф3.0 mm and (d-e) ф0.3 mm pure Zn wires after immersion for 7 d and 30 d, the thickness of corrosion product layers of (c) ф3.0 mm and (f) ф0.3 mm pure zinc wires at the cross-section.

Fig. 6. (a) Potentiodynamic polarization curves, surface microstructures of (b) ф3.0 mm and (c) ф0.3 mm pure Zn wires after electrochemical test in Hank's solution.

Table 1 Typical electrochemical parameters of the pure Zn wires in Hank's solution.

Pure Zn wire	Open circuit potential (V_SCE)	E_corr (V_SCE)	I_corr (μA·cm^-2)	Corrosion rate (mm·y^-1)
ф3.0 mm	-1.018 ± 0.016	-1.016 ± 0.005	30.361 ± 5.002	0.909 ± 0.150
ф0.3 mm	-0.952 ± 0.019	-1.009 ± 0.006	14.045 ± 2.499	0.421 ± 0.075

Fig. 7. HUVECs cytocompatibility evaluation on (a) ф3.0 mm and (b) ф0.3 mm pure Zn wires.

Fig. 8. Fluorescent morphologies of HUVECs cultured in the extracts of ф3.0 mm and ф0.3 mm pure Zn wires.

Fig. 9. Antibacterial assay results. The S. aureus colonies re-cultured on agar after incubating around the (a) ф3.0 mm and (b) ф0.3 mm pure Zn wires for 24 h, (d) percentage reductions of S. aureus colonies on the two kinds of experimental pure Zn wires compared to (c) control group. The E. coli colonies re-cultured on agar after incubating around the (e) ф3.0 mm and (f) ф0.3 mm pure Zn wires for 24 h, (h) percentage reductions of E. coli colonies on the two kinds of experimental pure Zn wires compared to (g) control group.

Table 2 Comparison of biodegradable polymers sutures in current clinical application and experimentally fabricated magnesium alloy sutures.

Materials	Diameter (mm)	Tensile strength (MPa)	Elongation (%)	Total tensile strength loss (days)
Polymers [38,42]
Polyglactin 910 (Vicryl)	0.189 (0.010)	1377 (127)	52.8 (2.6)	28
Polyglycomer 631(Biosyn)	0.287 (0.003)	868 (35)	102.4 (8.8)	28
Polydioxane (PDS II)	0.299 (0.002)	558 (16)	144.2 (8.2)	90
Plain surgical gut	0.299 (0.009)	413 (58)	55.4 (3.4)	14-21
Chromic surgical gut	0.302 (0.005)	410 (56)	52.0 (2.8)	14-21
Polyglyconate (Maxon)	0.301 (0.007)	726 (35)	93.6 (6.6)	56
Mg alloys [43,44]
ZEK100	0.274	458(2)	10.6(1.1)	N/A
MgCa0.8	0.274	235(18)	9.4(4.2)	N/A
AL36	0.274	206(1)	14.4(2.0)	N/A
AZ31B	0.300	300(4)	14.9(3.1)	14-21

References

[1]	Y.F. Zheng, X.N. Gu, F. Witte, Mater. Sci. Eng. R 77 (2014) 1-34.
[2]	P.K. Bowen, E.R. Shearier, S. Zhao, R.J. Guillory II, F. Zhao, J. Goldman, J. Drelich, Adv. Healthc. Mater. 10 (2016) 1121-1140.
[3]	S. Agarwal, J. Curtin, B. Duffy, S. Jaiswal, Mater. Sci. Eng. C 68 (2016) 948-963.
[4]	Y. Zhao, M.K. Jamesh, W.K. Li, G.S. Wu, C.X. Wang, Y.F. Zheng, K. Yeung, P.K. Chu, Acta Biomater. 10 (2014) 544-556.
[5]	X.N. Gu, Y.F. Zheng, Y. Cheng, S. Zhong, T. Xi, Biomaterials 30 (2009) 484-498.
[6]	M. Peuster, C. Hesse, T. Schloo, C. Fink, P. Beerbaum, C. Schnakenburg, Biomaterials 27 (2006) 4955-4962.
[7]	W.J. Lin, D.Y. Zhang, G. Zhang, H.T. Sun, H.P. Qi, L.P. Chen, Z.Q. Liu, R.L. Gao, W. Zheng, Mater. Des. 91 (2016) 72-79.
[8]	K. Kaur, R. Gupta, S.A. Saraf, S.K. Saraf, Compr. Rev. Food Sci.Food Saf. 13 (2014) 358-376.
[9]	P.K. Bowen, J. Drelich, J. Goldman, Adv Mater. 25 (2013) 2577-2582.
[10]	X.W. Liu, J. Sun, Y.H. Yang, Z.J. Pu, Y.F. Zheng, Mater. Lett. 161 (2015) 53-56.
[11]	N.S. Murni, M.S. Dambatta, S.K. Yeap, G.R.A. Froemming, H. Hermawan, Mater. Sci. Eng. C 49 (2015) 560-566.
[12]	H.F. Li, X.H. Xie, Y.F. Zheng, Y. Cong, F.Y. Zhou, K.J. Qiu, X. Wang, S.H. Chen, L. Huang, L. Tian, L. Qin, Sci. Rep. 5 (2015) 10719.
[13]	H.F. Li, H.T. Yang, Y.F. Zheng, F.Y. Zhou, K.J. Qiu, X. Wang, Mater. Des. 83 (2015) 95-102.
[14]	H.B. Gong, K. Wang, R. Strich, J.G. Zhou, J. Biomed. Mater. Res. B Appl. Biomater. 103 (2015) 1632-1640.
[15]	D. Vojtěch, J. Kubásek, J. ?erák, P. Novák, Acta Biomater. 7 (2011) 3515-3522.
[16]	J. Kubásek, D. Vojtěch, E. Jablonská, I. Pospí?ilová, J. Lipov, T. Ruml, Mater. Sci. Eng. C 58 (2016) 24-35.
[17]	C. Wang, Z.T. Yu, Y.J. Cui, Y.F. Zhang, S. Yu, G.Q. Qu, H.B. Gong, J. Mater. Sci. Technol. 32 (2016) 925-929.
[18]	X.W. Liu, J.K. Sun, F.Y. Zhou, Y.H. Yang, R.C. Chang, K.J. Qiu, Z.J. Pu, L. Li, Y.F. Zheng, Mater. Des. 94 (2016) 95-104.
[19]	S. Zhao, C.T. Mcnamara, P.K. Bowen, N. Verhun, J.P. Braykovich, J. Goldman, J. Drelich, Metall. Mater. Trans. A 48 (2017) 1204-1215.
[20]	Z. Tang, H. Huang, J. Niu, L. Zhang, H. Zhang, J. Pei, J. Tan, G. Yuan, Mater. Des. 117 (2017) 84-94.
[21]	J. Niu, Z. Tang, H. Huang, J. Pei, H. Zhang, G. Yuan, W. Ding, Mater. Sci. Eng. C 69 (2016) 407-413.
[22]	C.L. Chu, X. Han, F. Xue, J. Bai, P.K. Chu, Appl. Surf. Sci. 271 (2013) 271-275.
[23]	Y.H. Wu, N. Li, Y. Cheng, Y.F. Zheng, Y. Han, J. Mater. Sci. Technol. 29 (2013) 545-550.
[24]	X. Li, C.L. Chu, L. Liu, X.K. Liu, J. Bai, C. Guo, F. Xue, P.H. Lin, P.K. Chu, Biomaterials 49 (2015) 135-144.
[25]	J.M. Seitz, E. Wulf, P. Freytag, D. Bormann, F.W. Bach, Adv. Eng. Mater. 12 (2010) 1099-1105.
[26]	C. Wang, H.T. Yang, X. Li, Y.F. Zheng, J. Mater. Sci. Technol. 32 (2016) 909-918.
[27]	N.T. Kirkland, N. Birbilis, M.P. Staiger, Acta Biomater. 8 (2012) 925-936.
[28]	K. Shao, B. Han, J. Gao, Z. Jiang, W. Liu, W. Liu, Y. Liang, J. Biomed. Mater. Res. B Appl. Biomater. 104 (2016) 116-125.
[29]	A. Ito, H. Kawamura, M. Otsuka, M. Lkeuchi, H. Ohgushi, Kunio Ishikawa, Kazuo Onuma, Noriko Kanzaki, Yu Sogo, Noboru Ichinose, Mater. Sci. Eng. C 22 (2002) 21-25.
[30]	J.J. Zeelie, T.J. McCarthy, Analyst 123 (1998) 503-507.
[31]	T.D. Zaveri, N.V. Dolgova, B.H. Chu, J. Lee, J. Wong, Tanmay P. Lele, F. Ren, Benjamin G. Keselowsky, Biomaterials 31 (2010) 2999-3007.
[32]	K. Ishikawa, Y. Miyamoto, T. Yuasa, A. Ito, M. Nagayama, K. Suzuki, Biomaterials 23 (2002) 423-428.
[33]	E.R. Shearier, P.K. Bowen, W. He, A. Drelich, J. Drelich, J. Goldman, F. Zhao, ACS Biomater. Sci. Eng. 4 (2016) 634-642.
[34]	G. Jin, H. Cao, Y. Qiao, F. Meng, H. Zhu, X.Y. Liu, Colloids Surf. B Biointerfaces 117 (2014) 158-165.
[35]	J.T. Seil, T.J. Webster, Acta Biomater. 7 (2011) 2579-2584.
[36]	Y.Q. Chen, W.T. Zhang, Manfred F. Maitz, M.Y. Chen, H. Zhang, J.L. Mao, Y.C. Zhao, N. Huang, G.J. Wan, Corros. Sci. 111 (2016) 541-555.
[37]	Y.Y. Jo, H.Y. Kweon, D.W. Kim, M.K. Kim, S.G. Kim, J.Y. Kim, W.Y. Chae, S.P. Hong, Y.H. Park, S.Y. Lee, J.Y. Choi, Sci. Rep. 7 (2017) 42441.
[38]	C. Dennis, S. Sethu, S. Nayak, L. Mohan, Y. Morsi, G. Manivasagam, J. Biomed. Mater. Res. A. 104 (2016) 1544-1559.
[39]	J. Hochberg, K.M. Meyer, M.D. Marion, Surg. Clin. North Am. 89 (2009) 627-641.
[40]	J.M. Seitz, M. Durisin, J. Goldman, J.W. Drelich, Adv. Healthc. Mater. 4 (2015) 1915-1936.
[41]	C. Serrano, L. García-Fernández, J.P. Fernández-Blázquez, M. Barbeck, S. Ghanaati, R. Unger, J. Kirkpatrick, E. Arzt, L. Funk, P. Turón, Aránzazu del Campo, Biomaterials 52 (2015) 291-300.
[42]	S.E. Naleway, W. Lear, J.J. Kruzic, C.B. Maughan, J. Biomed. Mater. Res. B Appl. Biomater. 103 (2015) 735-742.
[43]	J.M. Seitz, D. Utermo$\ddot{h}$len, E. Wulf, C. Klose, F.W. Bach, Adv. Eng. Mater. 13 (2011) 1087-1095.
[44]	X. Li, C. Shi, J. Bai, C. Guo, F. Xue, P.H. Lin, C.L. Chu, Front. Mater. Sci. 8 (2014) 281-294.