Superhydrophobic diamond-coated Si nanowires for application of anti-biofouling’

doi:10.1016/j.jmst.2019.10.040

Abstract

Abstract:

The effect of the surface wettability of plasma-modified vertical Si nanowire array on the bio-fouling performance has been investigated. The Si nanowires prepared by a metal-assisted chemical etching technique exhibit a super-hydrophilic surface. The treatment in CH₄/H₂ gas plasma environment leads to the decoration of graphite and diamond nanoparticles around Si nanowires. The detailed interface between graphite/diamond and Si nanowire was characterized by HRTEM technique. These surface-modified nanowire samples show an increased water contact angle with ultrananocrystalline diamond decorated ones being superhydrophobic. The immersion test in chlorella solution reveals that the diamond-coated Si nanowires possess the least attachment of chlorella in comparison with other Si nanowires. This result confirms that the coating of Si nanowires with diamond nanoparticles shows the best behavior in anti-biofouling. Importantly, this work provides a method fabricated super-hydrophobic surface for the application of biofouling prevention.

Key words: Silicon nanowires, Plasma treatment, Super-hydrophobic, Diamond

Wenjing Long, Haining Li, Bing Yang, Nan Huang, Lusheng Liu, Zhigang Gai, Xin Jiang. Superhydrophobic diamond-coated Si nanowires for application of anti-biofouling’[J]. J. Mater. Sci. Technol., 2020, 48: 1-8.

Figures/Tables 9

Table 1 Parameters of surface treatment of Si wafer and nanowires.

	Microwave power (kW)	Gas pressure (mbar)	Processing time (h)	H₂ flow rate (sccm)	CH₄ flow rate (sccm)
Si-h	6	30	2	400	0
SiNWs-h	6	30	2	400	0
SiNWs-g	6	30	2	400	12
SiNWs-d	6	30	2	400	12

Fig. 1. SEM morphology and cross section of surface-modified sample of Si NWs: (a) and (b) As-prepared sample by MACE methods (SiNWs-0); (c) and (d) Treatment of Si NWs by H2 gas plasma (SiNWs-h); (e) and (f) Treatment of Si NWs by CH4/H2 gas plasma forming graphite-coating nanowires (SiNWs-g); (g) and (h) Treatment of Si NWs by CH4/H2 gas plasma forming diamond-coating nanowires (SiNWs-d).

Fig. 2. Raman spectra of samples of SiNWs-d and SiNWs-g.

Fig. 3. TEM and HRTEM images of surface-modified samples of Si NWs: (a), (b) and (c) SiNWs-g; (d), (e) and (f) SiNWs-d.

Fig. 4. Si 2p XPS spectra of surface-modified samples of Si NWs: (a) SiNWs-0 and (b) SiNWs-h; C1s XPS spectra of the samples of diamond-decorated (c) and graphite-decorated (d) Si NWs.

Fig. 5. Water contact angle images of the as-prepared (a) and surface-modified (b) Si wafer; (c)-(f) water contact angle images of as-prepared and surface modified Si NWs: (c) SiNWs-0, (d) SiNWs-h, (e) SiNWs-g, and (f) SiNWs-d.

Fig. 6. Biofouling performance of Si wafers and different surface-modified nanowires before immersion (0d) and after immersion for 14 days: (a) and (b) As-prepared Si wafer; (c) and (d) Modified Si wafer by H2 gas plasma, Si-h; (e) and (f) As-prepared Si NWs by MACE, SiNWs-0; (g) and (h) Modified Si NWs by H2 gas plasma, SiNWs-h; (i) and (j) Graphite-coated Si NWs, SiNWs-g; (k) and (l) Diamond-coated Si NWs, SiNWs-d.

Fig. 7. (a-d) Fluorescence microscopy images of chlorella after 2 days of culture on different surface-modified SiNWs: (a) As-prepared Si NWs by MACE, SiNWs-0; (b) Modified Si NWs by H2 gas plasma, SiNWs-h; (c) Graphite-coated Si NWs, SiNWs-g; (d) Diamond-coated Si NWs, SiNWs-d. (e) Quantitative evaluation of the number of adhered chlorella on different surface-modified SiNWs.

Fig. 8. (a) Mechanical properties of different surface-modified SiNWs samples under the load of 1?N using scratching experiment. High friction force in the SiNWs-d sample demonstrates that the Si nanowires coated with diamond possess better mechanical strength in comparison with other samples. The SEM morphology of SiNWs-0 (b) and SiNW-d (c) samples after immersion for 14 days. The unchanged morphology of SiNWs-d also implies good robustness of the nanowires with the coating of diamond.

References 49

[1]	A.B. Tesler, P. Kim, S. Kolle, C. Howell, O. Ahanotu, J. Aizenberg, Nat. Commun. 6 (2015) 8649. URL PMID
[2]	D.M. Yebra, S. Kiil, K. Dam-Johansen, Prog. Org. Coat. 50 (2004) 75-104. DOI URL
[3]	L.D. Chambers, K.R. Stokes, F.C. Walsh, R.J.K. Wood, Surf. Coat. Technol. 201 (2006) 3642-3652.
[4]	S. Martin, B. Bhushan, J. Colloid Interf. Sci. 488 (2017) 118-126.
[5]	B. Bolto, T. Tran, M. Hoang, Z.L. Xie, Prog. Poly. Sci. 34 (2009) 969-981.
[6]	Y.K. Kim, S.M. Sharker, I. In, S.Y. Park, Carbon 103 ( 2016) 412-420.
[7]	I. Amara, W. Miled, R. Ben Slama, N. Ladhari, Environ. Toxicol. Pharmacol. 57 (2018) 115-130. URL PMID
[8]	J.H. Jhaveri, Z.V.P. Murthy, Desalination 379 ( 2016) 137-154.
[9]	X.B. Shi, W. Yan, D.K. Xu, M.C. Yan, C.G. Yang, Y.Y. Shan, K. Yang, J. Mater. Sci. Technol. 34 (2018) 2480-2491.
[10]	X.D. Yan, M.C. Zhao, Y. Yang, L.L. Tan, Y.C. Zhao, D.F. Yin, K. Yang, A. Atrens, Corros. Sci. 156 (2019) 125-138.
[11]	Y. Raghupathy, K.A. Natarajan, C. Srivastava, Surf. Coat. Technol. 328 (2017) 266-275.
[12]	I. Banerjee, R.C. Pangule, R.S. Kane, Adv. Mater. 23 (2011) 690-718. URL PMID
[13]	L.J. Jiang, L. Chen, L. Zhu, Water Res. 161 (2019) 297-307. DOI URL PMID
[14]	S. Krishnan, C.J. Weinman, C.K. Ober, J. Mater. Chem. 18 (2008) 3405-3413.
[15]	H.B. Zhang, M. Chiao, J. Med. Biolog. Eng. 35 (2015) 143-155.
[16]	M.F. Montemor, Surf. Coat. Technol. 258 (2014) 17-37.
[17]	X.N. Zhang, D. Brodus, V. Hollimon, H.M. Hu, Chem. Cent. J. 11( 2017).
[18]	X. Zhang, Y.G. Guo, Z.J. Zhang, P.Y. Zhang, Appl. Surf. Sci. 284 (2013) 319-323.
[19]	M.X. Kuang, J.X. Wang, L. Jiang, Chem. Soc. Rev. 45 (2016) 6833-6854. URL PMID
[20]	E. Galopin, G. Piret, S. Szunerits, Y. Lequette, C. Faille, R. Boukherroub, Langmuir 26 ( 2010) 3479-3484. URL PMID
[21]	G. Piret, E. Galopin, Y. Coffinier, R. Boukherroub, D. Legrand, C. Slomianny, Soft Matter 7 ( 2011) 8642-8649.
[22]	J. Seo, S. Lee, H. Han, Y. Chung, J. Lee, S.D. Kim, Y.W. Kim, S. Lim, T. Lee, Thin Solid Films 527 ( 2013) 179-185. DOI URL
[23]	C.Y. Kuo, C. Gau, J. Electrochem. Soc. 157 (2010) K201-K205.
[24]	M.K. Dawood, H. Zheng, N.A. Kurniawan, K.C. Leong, Y.L. Foo, R. Rajagopalan, S.A. Khan, W.K. Choi, Soft Matter 8 ( 2012) 3549-3557.
[25]	Q. Tian, N. Huang, B. Yang, H. Zhuang, C. Wang, Z. Zhai, J. Li, X. Jia, L. Liu, X. Jiang, J. Mater. Sci. Technol. 33 (2017) 1097-1106.
[26]	S. Mandal, H.A. Bland, J.A. Cuenca, M. Snowball, O.A. Williams, Nanoscale 11 ( 2019) 10266-10272. DOI URL PMID
[27]	S. Liu, L. Han, Y. Zou, P. Zhu, B. Liu, J. Mater. Sci. Technol. 33 (2017) 1386-1391.
[28]	Q. Wang, G. Wen, L. Liu, B. Zhu, D. Su, J. Mater. Sci. Technol. 34 (2018) 990-994.
[29]	Q. Zhang, V.N. Mochalin, I. Neitzel, I.Y. Knoke, J. Han, C.A. Klug, J.G. Zhou, P.I. Lelkes, Y. Gogotsi, Biomaterials 32 ( 2011) 87-94. DOI URL PMID
[30]	J. Beranova, G. Seydlova, H. Kozak, S. Potocky, I. Konopasek, A. Kromka, Phys. Status Solidi B 249 ( 2012) 2581-2584. DOI URL
[31]	Y. Qu, L. Liao, Y. Li, H. Zhang, Y. Huang, X. Duan, Nano Lett. 9 (2009) 4539-4543. URL PMID
[32]	A.C. Ferrari, J. Robertson, Phys. Rev. B 61 ( 2000) 14095-14107. DOI URL
[33]	B. Yang, J. Li, L. Guo, N. Huang, L. Liu, Z. Zhai, W. Long, X. Jiang, Crystengcomm 20 ( 2018) 1158-1167. DOI URL
[34]	K. Wei, K.O. Kim, K.H. Song, C.Y. Kang, J.S. Lee, M. Gopiraman, I.S. Kim, J. Mater. Sci. Technol. 33 (2017) 424-431. DOI URL
[35]	B. Yang, B. Yu, H. Li, N. Huang, L. Liu, X. Jiang, Carbon 156 ( 2020) 242-252. DOI URL
[36]	K. Brassat, D. Kool, J.K.N. Lindner, Nanotechnology 30 ( 2019) 225302-225312. DOI URL PMID
[37]	C. Gondek, M. Lippold, I. Rover, K. Bohmhammel, E. Kroke, J. Phys. Chem. C 118 ( 2014) 2044-2051. DOI URL
[38]	G.F. Cerofolini, A. Giussani, A. Modelli, D. Mascolo, D. Ruggiero, D. Narducci, E. Romano, Appl. Surf. Sci. 254 (2008) 5781-5790. DOI URL
[39]	L. Diederich, O. Kuttel, P. Aebi, L. Schlapbach, Surf. Sci. 418 (1998) 219-239. DOI URL
[40]	P. Ruffieux, O. Groning, P. Schwaller, L. Schlapbach, P. Groning, Phys. Rev. Lett. 84 (2000) 4910-4913. URL PMID
[41]	A. Nikitin, L.A. Naeslund, Z. Zhang, A. Nilsson, Surf. Sci. 602 (2008) 2575-2580. DOI URL
[42]	K. Madhavi, P. Suvarna, M. Ghosh, H. Shaik, G. Mohan Rao, Mater. Today: Proc. 3 (2016) 1907-1913.
[43]	A.F. Azevedo, J.T. Matsushima, F.C. Vicentin, M.R. Baldan, N.G. Ferreira, Appl. Surf. Sci. 255 (2009) 6565-6570. DOI URL
[44]	R.N. Wenzel, Ind. Eng. Chem. 28 (1936) 988-994. DOI URL
[45]	F. Pinzari, P. Ascarelli, E. Cappelli, G. Mattei, R. Giorgi, Diam. Relat. Mater. 10 (2001) 781-785. DOI URL
[46]	L. Ostrovskaya, V. Perevertailo, V. Ralchenko, A. Saveliev, V. Zhuravlev, Diam. Relat. Mater. 16 (2007) 2109-2113. DOI URL
[47]	S. Sobolewski, M.A. Lodes, S.M. Rosiwal, R.F. Singer, Surf. Coat. Technol. 232 (2013) 640-644. DOI URL
[48]	D. Zhang, D.Y. Zhu, T. Zhang, Q.F. Wang, Trans. Nonferrous Met. Soc. China 25 ( 2015) 2473-2480. DOI URL
[49]	A. Marmur, Biofouling 22 ( 2006) 107-115. DOI URL PMID