Improved corrosion resistance and biofilm inhibition ability of copper-bearing 304 stainless steel against oral microaerobic Streptococcus mutans

doi:10.1016/j.jmst.2020.06.027

Abstract

Abstract:

304 stainless steel (SS) used as orthodontic wire during orthodontics faces the risk of microbiologically influenced corrosion (MIC) due to diverse flora environment. Hereinto, Streptococcus mutans (S. mutans) is the most important cariogenic bacteria. In this work, MIC behavior of a new 304-Cu SS in presence of S. mutans was studied by the observations using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM) including live/dead staining, extracellular polymeric substance (EPS) staining and pitting corrosion, electrochemical test, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). Above results showed that 304-Cu SS possessed excellent biofilm inhibition ability and presented lower corrosion current density (i_corr), larger polarization resistance (R_p) and charge transfer resistance (R_ct) in the presence of S. mutans, indicating that 304-Cu SS had a better MIC resistance against S. mutans. It was further affirmed by XPS results that the presence of Cu-oxide in passive film of 304-Cu SS inhibited the formation of biofilm.

Key words: 304-Cu stainless steel, Microbiologically influenced corrosion, Streptococcus mutans, Biofilm

Hanyu Zhao, Yupeng Sun, Lu Yin, Zhao Yuan, Yiliang Lan, Dake Xu, Chunguang Yang, Ke Yang. Improved corrosion resistance and biofilm inhibition ability of copper-bearing 304 stainless steel against oral microaerobic Streptococcus mutans[J]. J. Mater. Sci. Technol., 2021, 66: 112-120.

Figures/Tables 10

Table 1 Elemental composition of 304 SS and 304-Cu SS (wt.%).

Sample	Cr	Ni	Cu	Mn	Si	C	Fe
304 SS	17.92	7.81	0.00	1.12	0.44	0.01	Bal.
304-Cu SS	17.01	7.85	4.08	0.99	0.40	0.01	Bal.

Fig. 1. CLSM images of bio?lms of S. mutans on the surfaces of 304 SS (a) and 304-Cu SS (b) after 7 days, 304 SS (c) and 304-Cu SS (d) after 14 days of immersion. SEM images of sessile S. mutans on the surfaces of 304 SS (e) and 304-Cu SS (f) after 7 days, 304 SS (g) and 304-Cu SS (h) after 14 days of immersion.

Fig. 2. CLSM images of cells (blue), polysaccharides (green) and proteins (red) of bio?lm of S. mutans on the surfaces of 304 SS and 304-Cu SS after 7 and 14 days of immersion.

Fig. 3. Maximum (red block with number) pit depths on the surfaces of 304 SS (a, c) and 304-Cu SS (b, d) after immersed in artificial saliva (a, b) and in artificial saliva (c, d) with S. mutans for 14 days and (e) the average pit depths.

Fig. 4. Variations of EOCP (a) and Rp (b) with immersion time for 304 SS and 304-Cu SS samples after immersed in artificial saliva with and without S. mutans. (c) Potentiodynamic curves of 304 SS and 304-Cu SS samples exposed to artificial saliva with and without S. mutans after 14 days incubation.

Table 2 Parameters derived from polarization curves of 304 SS and 304-Cu SS samples exposing in artificial saliva with and without S. mutans after 14 days incubation.

Sample	i_corr (μA cm^-2)	E_pit (mV vs. SCE)
304 SS in the artificial saliva	0.022 ± 0.008	750 ± 58
304-Cu SS in the artificial saliva	0.024 ± 0.007	284 ± 11
304 SS in the presence of S. mutans	0.178 ± 0.023	477 ± 37
304-Cu SS in the presence of S. mutans	0.032 ± 0.010	263 ± 26

Fig. 5. Bode and Nyquist plots of 304 SS (a, a’) and 304-Cu SS (b, b’) in artificial saliva for 304 SS (c, c’) and 304-Cu SS (d, d’) in artificial saliva with S. mutans. Equivalent physical and corresponding circuit models applied for fitting EIS data of 304 SS and 304-Cu SS in artificial saliva (e) and artificial saliva with S. mutans (e’). Variations of Rct (f) derived from EIS data for 304 SS and 304-Cu SS in artificial saliva with and without S. mutans.

Table 3 Parameters derived from EIS data of 304 SS and 304-Cu SS samples after immersed in artificial saliva with and without S. mutans.

Duration (d)	R_S (Ω cm²)	C_b (μF cm^-2)	R_f (kΩ cm²)	C_dl (μF cm^-2)	R_ct (kΩ cm²)	∑χ×10^-3
304 SS in the artificial saliva
0	94 ± 40	-	-	51.4 ± 17.1	748 ± 129	0.87
1	91 ± 21	-	-	35.8 ± 6.7	1310 ± 270	1.28
4	90 ± 36	-	-	29.5 ± 0.9	2317 ± 773	1.92
7	114 ± 23	-	-	27.8 ± 9.1	2662 ± 845	2.29
10	109 ± 9	-	-	27.8 ± 4.5	2971 ± 630	2.58
14	109 ± 15	-	-	27.2 ± 3.6	3157 ± 647	3.00
304-Cu SS in the artificial saliva
0	119 ± 43	-	-	50.1 ± 2.2	629 ± 128	1.31
1	119 ± 46	-	-	42.0 ± 2.8	1568 ± 220	1.39
4	123 ± 12	-	-	38.1 ± 5.7	1735 ± 279	1.67
7	120 ± 26	-	-	36.3 ± 3.4	2350 ± 306	1.91
10	120 ± 17	-	-	37.3 ± 7.3	2456 ± 285	2.10
14	132 ± 28	-	-	36.1 ± 4.9	2862 ± 509	2.28
304 SS in the presence of S. mutans
0	69 ± 38	68.0 ± 10.8	265.4 ± 7.1	2679.0 ± 98.6	1177 ± 379	1.08
1	58 ± 22	60.3 ± 7.6	104.0 ± 26.8	573.3 ± 55.9	61 ± 29	1.31
4	598 ± 10	56.0 ± 1.7	83.7 ± 8.2	498.3 ± 36.2	55 ± 15	1.25
7	56 ± 14	55.2 ± 2.1	53.1 ± 9.8	658.0 ± 12.7	45 ± 10	1.55
10	55 ± 19	53.8 ± 3.7	42.4 ± 4.5	861.3 ± 34.0	43 ± 17	2.36
14	51 ± 8	45.2 ± 1.0	0.1 ± 3.4	9.2 ± 13.5	44 ± 6	2.13
304-Cu SS in the presence of S. mutans
0	76 ± 21	46.1 ± 19.7	408.5 ± 46.3	3688.0 ± 73.9	0.1 ± 0.14	1.20
1	63 ± 4	40.0 ± 3.6	150.5 ± 8.2	235.0 ± 29.0	146 ± 28	1.31
4	65 ± 3	44.3 ± 5.9	17.0 ± 2.4	459.3 ± 37.8	67 ± 11	0.99
7	62 ± 10	7.8 ± 6.6	0.4 ± 0.6	36.7 ± 11.5	203 ± 30	1.64
10	67 ± 14	23.1 ± 3.4	0.1 ± 0.3	21.0 ± 4.9	539 ± 65	0.33
14	62 ± 9	22.5 ± 1.6	0.1 ± 0.3	21.4 ± 8.9	1140 ± 217	0.39

Fig. 6. XPS detailed spectra of Cu 2p before immersions of 304 SS (a) and 304-Cu SS (b), and after 14 days of immersions of 304 SS (c) and 304-Cu SS (d) in the presence of S. mutans. XPS detailed spectra of Cr 2p before immersions of 304 SS (e) and 304-Cu SS (f), and after 14 days of immersions of 304 SS (g) and 304-Cu SS (h) in the presence of S. mutans. XPS detailed spectra of Ni 2p before immersions of 304 SS (i) and 304-Cu SS (j), and after 14 days of immersions of 304 SS (k) and 304-Cu SS (l) in the presence of S. mutans.

Fig. 7. Variations of pH (a) for 304 SS and 304-Cu SS samples exposed to artificial saliva with and without S. mutans at the 14th day of incubation. (b) Schematic illustration of MIC resistance mechanism of 304-Cu SS in the presence of S. mutans.

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