Recent advances in g-C3N4-based heterojunction photocatalysts

doi:10.1016/j.jmst.2020.04.028

Abstract

Abstract:

Semiconductor heterojunction photocatalysts have received much concern due to their great application prospect in solar energy utilization and conversion. Rational construction of heterostructure with two or more semiconductor materials can integrate the advantages of multi-components to simultaneously improve the photo-induced charges separation, extend visible light absorption range and retain the high redox ability of photocatalysts. Recently, constructing of g-C₃N₄-based heterostructure has become a hot focus due to the multiple merits of g-C₃N₄, such as facile synthesis, high stability, unique optical and electronic characteristics. This review tries to give a comprehensive introduction and provide the possible tendency in design and fabrication of g-C₃N₄-based heterojunction photocatalysts, especially in rational synthesis of type-II heterojunction, direct Z-scheme heterojunction, new type of S-scheme heterojunction, p-n heterojunction and Schottky heterojunction. Furthermore, the special charges transfer mechanisms of g-C₃N₄-based heterojunctions are discussed and their potential applications in photocatalytic water splitting, photo-degradation of contaminants and photo-reduction of CO₂ into fuels are also summarized. Finally, we attempt to propose some crucial issues based on the current research, which should be further investigated and resolved in this interesting research area.

Key words: Photocatalysis, g-C₃N₄, Heterojunction, Z-scheme, S-scheme

Yunfeng Li, Minghua Zhou, Bei Cheng, Yan Shao. Recent advances in g-C₃N₄-based heterojunction photocatalysts[J]. J. Mater. Sci. Technol., 2020, 56: 1-17.

Figures/Tables 23

Fig. 1. (a) Photocatalytic mechanisms of water splitting, degradation of contaminants, CO2 reduction and sterilization; (b) Schematic illustration of electron-hole pairs transfer in type-I, type-II and Z-scheme heterojunction.

Fig. 2. Photocatalytic mechanisms of electrons and holes transfer in S-scheme heterojunction photocatalysts.

Fig. 4. The number of publications for g-C3N4-based heterojunctions and all the g-C3N4-based photocatalysts in recent years.

Fig. 5. (a) Schematic diagram of the synthesis process for g-C3N4/MnO2 heterostructures by in situ wet-chemical method; AFM images of g-C3N4 (b), MnO2 (c), and g-C3N4/MnO2 (d) hybrid photocatalysts. Reproduced with permission. [123] Copyright 2018, American Chemical Society.

Fig. 6. (a-c) Photoelectric properties of the as-prepared samples; (d-e) The type II charges transfer mechanism of the as-prepared sample. Reproduced with permission. [138] Copyright 2017, Elsevier.

Fig. 7. (a) Introducing of the functional groups into melem unit in mild oxidation condition; (b) The different positions of nitrogen sites in melon; (c) Bonding modes between TiO2 and O-g-C3N4, and (d) ΔG of selected bonding modes. Reproduced with permission. [139] Copyright 2018, Elsevier.

Fig. 8. (a) Amount of photocatalytic H2 generation and (b) the H2 generation rate of the prepared photocatalysts; (c) The band structure diagram of g-C3N4 and ZnS; (d) The charges transfer mechanism of the as-prepared sample. Reproduced with permission. [141] Copyright 2018, Elsevier.

Fig. 9. (a-c) The total density of state (TDOS) and partial density of states (PDOS) for g-C3N4 and Bi2O2CO3; (d, e) The proposed possible charges transfer route in Bi2O2CO3/g-C3N4 heterostructure. Reproduced with permission. [154] Copyright 2019, American Chemical Society.

Fig. 11. Schematic illustration for the transfer mechanism of photo-induced electron-hole pairs in Bi3O4Cl/g-C3N4 2D/2D Z-scheme heterojunctions for removing various organic pollutants. Reproduced with permission. [156] Copyright 2018, Elsevier.

Fig. 13. Constructed g-C3N4 (a) and hexagonal wurtzite ZnO (b) crystal structures; Calculated band structures of g-C3N4 (c) and ZnO (d); (e) Schematic illustration of two different charges transfer mechanisms. Reproduced with permission. [164] Copyright 2015, Royal Society of Chemistry.

Fig. 14. (a) VB X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) spectra for g-C3N4 and Ag2CrO4 samples; (b) Schematic illustration of the internal electric field formed at the interface of g-C3N4 and Ag2CrO4; (c) The proposed charges transfer mechanism in Ag2CrO4/g-C3N4/GO Z-scheme heterojunction. Reproduced with permission. [166] Copyright 2018, Elsevier.

Table 1 Various g-C3N4-based Z-scheme heterojunction photocatalysts reported in recent years.

Photocatalysts	Mass of samples	Light source (wavelength/nm)	Application	Enhancement factor vs g-C₃N₄	Refs.
g-C₃N₄/Ag₂WO₄	30 mg	300 W Xe lamp (λ>420 nm)	Degradation of MO^a	—	[169]
g-C₃N₄/Ag₂CrO₄	50 mg	300 W Xe lamp (λ>420 nm)	H₂ evolution	14.0	[170]
g-C₃N₄/Ag₂VO₂PO₄	120 mg	1000 W halogen lamp	Degradation of MO^a	3.0	[171]
Cd_0.5Zn_0.5S/g-C₃N₄	30 mg	300 W Xe lamp (λ>420 nm)	H₂ evolution	48.4	[172]
Co₃O₄@CoO/g-C₃N₄	30 mg	500 W Xe lamp (λ>420 nm)	Reduction of NB^b and TC^c	—	[173]
α-Fe₂O₃/g-C₃N₄	25 mg	300 W Xe lamp (λ>420 nm)	CO₂ reduction	2.2	[174]
α-Fe₂O₃@g-C₃N₄	50 mg	100 W LED lamp (λ = 420 nm)	Degradation of TC^c	14.0	[175]
g-C₃N₄/α-Fe₂O₃	200 mg	300 W Xe lamp (λ>420 nm)	CO₂ reduction	—	[176]
MoO₃/g-C₃N₄	30 mg	350 W Xe lamp (λ>420 nm)	Degradation of TC^c	46.2	[177]
g-C₃N₄/NCDS/MoS₂	50 mg	300 W Xe lamp (λ>420 nm)	H₂ evolution	—	[178]
Ni(OH)₂/g-C₃N₄	20 mg	300 W Xe lamp (λ>420 nm)	H₂ evolution	76	[179]
g-C₃N₄/PSi	100 mg	300 W Xe lamp (λ>400 nm)	H₂ evolution	2.0	[180]
Sn₃O₄/g-C₃N₄	50 mg	500 W Xe lamp (λ>420 nm)	Degradation of TC^c	7.7	[181]
g-C₃N₄/SnS₂	50 mg	300 W Xe lamp (λ>420 nm)	CO₂ reduction	—	[182]
WO₃/g-C₃N₄	50 mg	300 W Xe lamp (λ>420 nm)	Degradation of RhB^d	2.1	[183]
WO₃/g-C₃N₄	50 mg	300 W Xe lamp (λ>400 nm)	Degradation of MB^e	2.5	[184]
WO₃/g-C₃N₄	30 mg	30 W LED lamp (λ = 410 nm)	Degradation of MO^a	—	[185]
WO₃/g-C₃N₄	50 mg	300 W Xe lamp (λ>420 nm)	H₂ evolution	7.1	[186]
WO₃/g-C₃N₄	30 mg	500 W Xe lamp (λ>420 nm)	Degradation of RhB^d	—	[187]
LaCoO₃/g-C₃N₄	20 mg	300 W Xe lamp (360<λ<780 nm)	Degradation of phenol	22.9	[188]
g-C₃N₄/ZnO	100 mg	350 W Xe lamp (λ>420 nm)	CO₂ reduction	4.1	[189]
g-C₃N₄/BiOI	30 mg	50 W LED lamp (λ = 410 nm)	Degradation of MB^e	4.8	[190]
W₁₈O₄₉/g-C₃N₄	30 mg	500 W Xe lamp (λ>420 nm)	Degradation of phenol	7.5	[191]
La₂NiO₄/g-C₃N₄	50 mg	300 W Xe lamp (λ>420 nm)	Degradation of MO^a	3.4	[192]
LaMnO₃/g-C₃N₄	50 mg	300 W Xe lamp (λ>420 nm)	Degradation of TC^c	7.5	[193]
SrZnTiO₃/g-C₃N₄	20 mg	500 W halogen lamp (λ>420 nm)	Degradation of IC^f and RhB^d	3.5/3.2	[194]
MnIn₂S₄/g-C₃N₄	30 mg	300 W Xe lamp (λ>400 nm)	H₂ evolution	8.2	[195]
CuInS₂/g-C₃N₄	50 mg	300 W Xe lamp (λ>420 nm)	Degradation of TC^c	15.0	[196]
Fe₂O_3-xS_x/S-doped g-C₃N₄	—	300 W Xe lamp (λ>400 nm)	Degradation of MB^e	2.1	[197]

Table 1 Various g-C3N4-based Z-scheme heterojunction photocatalysts reported in recent years.

Photocatalysts	Mass of samples	Light source (wavelength/nm)	Application	Enhancement factor vs g-C₃N₄	Refs.
g-C₃N₄/Ag₂WO₄	30 mg	300 W Xe lamp (λ>420 nm)	Degradation of MO^a	—	[169]
g-C₃N₄/Ag₂CrO₄	50 mg	300 W Xe lamp (λ>420 nm)	H₂ evolution	14.0	[170]
g-C₃N₄/Ag₂VO₂PO₄	120 mg	1000 W halogen lamp	Degradation of MO^a	3.0	[171]
Cd_0.5Zn_0.5S/g-C₃N₄	30 mg	300 W Xe lamp (λ>420 nm)	H₂ evolution	48.4	[172]
Co₃O₄@CoO/g-C₃N₄	30 mg	500 W Xe lamp (λ>420 nm)	Reduction of NB^b and TC^c	—	[173]
α-Fe₂O₃/g-C₃N₄	25 mg	300 W Xe lamp (λ>420 nm)	CO₂ reduction	2.2	[174]
α-Fe₂O₃@g-C₃N₄	50 mg	100 W LED lamp (λ = 420 nm)	Degradation of TC^c	14.0	[175]
g-C₃N₄/α-Fe₂O₃	200 mg	300 W Xe lamp (λ>420 nm)	CO₂ reduction	—	[176]
MoO₃/g-C₃N₄	30 mg	350 W Xe lamp (λ>420 nm)	Degradation of TC^c	46.2	[177]
g-C₃N₄/NCDS/MoS₂	50 mg	300 W Xe lamp (λ>420 nm)	H₂ evolution	—	[178]
Ni(OH)₂/g-C₃N₄	20 mg	300 W Xe lamp (λ>420 nm)	H₂ evolution	76	[179]
g-C₃N₄/PSi	100 mg	300 W Xe lamp (λ>400 nm)	H₂ evolution	2.0	[180]
Sn₃O₄/g-C₃N₄	50 mg	500 W Xe lamp (λ>420 nm)	Degradation of TC^c	7.7	[181]
g-C₃N₄/SnS₂	50 mg	300 W Xe lamp (λ>420 nm)	CO₂ reduction	—	[182]
WO₃/g-C₃N₄	50 mg	300 W Xe lamp (λ>420 nm)	Degradation of RhB^d	2.1	[183]
WO₃/g-C₃N₄	50 mg	300 W Xe lamp (λ>400 nm)	Degradation of MB^e	2.5	[184]
WO₃/g-C₃N₄	30 mg	30 W LED lamp (λ = 410 nm)	Degradation of MO^a	—	[185]
WO₃/g-C₃N₄	50 mg	300 W Xe lamp (λ>420 nm)	H₂ evolution	7.1	[186]
WO₃/g-C₃N₄	30 mg	500 W Xe lamp (λ>420 nm)	Degradation of RhB^d	—	[187]
LaCoO₃/g-C₃N₄	20 mg	300 W Xe lamp (360<λ<780 nm)	Degradation of phenol	22.9	[188]
g-C₃N₄/ZnO	100 mg	350 W Xe lamp (λ>420 nm)	CO₂ reduction	4.1	[189]
g-C₃N₄/BiOI	30 mg	50 W LED lamp (λ = 410 nm)	Degradation of MB^e	4.8	[190]
W₁₈O₄₉/g-C₃N₄	30 mg	500 W Xe lamp (λ>420 nm)	Degradation of phenol	7.5	[191]
La₂NiO₄/g-C₃N₄	50 mg	300 W Xe lamp (λ>420 nm)	Degradation of MO^a	3.4	[192]
LaMnO₃/g-C₃N₄	50 mg	300 W Xe lamp (λ>420 nm)	Degradation of TC^c	7.5	[193]
SrZnTiO₃/g-C₃N₄	20 mg	500 W halogen lamp (λ>420 nm)	Degradation of IC^f and RhB^d	3.5/3.2	[194]
MnIn₂S₄/g-C₃N₄	30 mg	300 W Xe lamp (λ>400 nm)	H₂ evolution	8.2	[195]
CuInS₂/g-C₃N₄	50 mg	300 W Xe lamp (λ>420 nm)	Degradation of TC^c	15.0	[196]
Fe₂O_3-xS_x/S-doped g-C₃N₄	—	300 W Xe lamp (λ>400 nm)	Degradation of MB^e	2.1	[197]

Fig. 17. Mott-Schottky plots of MCN (a) and UCN (b); (c) Ultraviolet photoelectron spectroscopy (UPS) spectra; (d) the possible carriers transfer mechanism in MCN/UCN S-scheme heterojunction. Reproduced with permission [199] Copyright 2019, Elsevier.

Fig. 18. (a) The charges transfer mechanism of the as-prepared sample; (b) The proposed schematic for photocatalytic H2 evolution over 2D/2D CdS/g-C3N4 S-scheme heterojunctions. Reproduced with permission. [200] Copyright 2019, Wiley-VCH.

Fig. 20. Schematic illustration of electron-hole pairs transfer in p-n heterojunction system.

Fig. 22. (a) The photographs of g-C3N4 foam; SEM images of pure g-C3N4 foam (b) and Cu-NPs/g-C3N4 samples (c-e); EDX mapping (f-h), TEM image (i) and HRTEM image (j) of Cu-NPs/g-C3N4 sample. Reproduced with permission. [219] Copyright 2020, Elsevier.

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Recent advances in g-C₃N₄-based heterojunction photocatalysts

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