J. Mater. Sci. Technol. ›› 2019, Vol. 35 ›› Issue (6): 972-981.DOI: 10.1016/j.jmst.2018.12.024
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X.H. Zengab, P. Xuea, L.H. Wua*(), D.R. Nia, B.L. Xiaoa, K.S. Wangc, Z.Y. Maa*()
Received:
2018-10-21
Revised:
2018-11-30
Accepted:
2018-12-03
Online:
2019-06-20
Published:
2019-06-19
Contact:
Wu L.H.,Ma Z.Y.
About author:
1The authors contributed equally to this work.
X.H. Zeng, P. Xue, L.H. Wu, D.R. Ni, B.L. Xiao, K.S. Wang, Z.Y. Ma. Microstructural evolution of aluminum alloy during friction stir welding under different tool rotation rates and cooling conditions[J]. J. Mater. Sci. Technol., 2019, 35(6): 972-981.
Fig. 1. (a) Sampling schematics for TEM examinations, (b) schematic illustration of material flow around the pin, (c) the placement of vickers hardness tests in the “take-action” samples and (d) the placement of thermocouples shown by the red dot.
Fig. 3. Typical TEM images showing microstructures in (a) R1, (b) R2, (c) R3, (d) R4, (e) R5 and (f) R15 of 1000-A sample. Statistical distributions of grain size in (g) R4, (h) R5 and (i) R15.
Fig. 4. Typical TEM images showing microstructures in (a) R1, (b) R2, (c) R3, (d) R4, (e) R5 and (f) R15 of 400-A sample. Statistical distributions of grain size in (g) R4, (h) R5 and (i) R15.
Fig. 5. Typical TEM images showing microstructures in (a) R1, (b) R2, (c) R3, (d) R4, (e) R5 and (f) R15 of 400-W sample. Statistical distributions of grain size in (g) R4, (h) R5 and (i) R15.
Fig. 11. (a) Progress of grain evolution during FSW, (b) schematic illustration of microstructural characteristics in different regions of 1000-A, 400-A and 400-W samples.
Fabrication method | Strain | Strain rate (s-1) | Minimum grain size (nm) | Grain shape | Ref. |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
ARB | 4 | <10 | 300 | equiaxed | [ |
ECAP | 8 | - | 200 | equiaxed | [ |
HPT | 100 | <25 | 100 | equiaxed | [ |
FSW | 35 | 75 | 80 | equiaxed/ elongated | [ |
SMAT (pure Al) | 20-45 | $\widetilde{1}$03 | 30 | elongated/lamellar | [ |
Table 1 The effects of strain and strain rate on the minimum grain size and grain shape of SPD Al-Mg-Si alloys or pure Al.
Fabrication method | Strain | Strain rate (s-1) | Minimum grain size (nm) | Grain shape | Ref. |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
ARB | 4 | <10 | 300 | equiaxed | [ |
ECAP | 8 | - | 200 | equiaxed | [ |
HPT | 100 | <25 | 100 | equiaxed | [ |
FSW | 35 | 75 | 80 | equiaxed/ elongated | [ |
SMAT (pure Al) | 20-45 | $\widetilde{1}$03 | 30 | elongated/lamellar | [ |
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