Phase evolution and mechanical properties of novel nanocrystalline Y2(TiZrHfMoV)2O7 high entropy pyrochlore

doi:10.1016/j.jmst.2020.12.025

Abstract

Abstract:

High entropy pyrochlores (HEP) are potential candidates as dispersoids in the oxide dispersed strengthened steels or alloys, which can be used in nuclear reactors and supercritical boilers. For the first time, HEP oxides Y₂(TiZrHfMoV)₂O₇ were synthesized with Y₂Ti₂O₇ as a base structure with the B site (Ti) substituted with five cations through reverse co-precipitation technique in the nanocrystalline form at lowest synthesis temperature. The synthesis parameters for Y₂(TiZrHfMoV)₂O₇ (5C) and other derived compositions (five compositions of four cationic systems with each cation eliminated at B site from 5C) are optimised to obtain lower crystallite and particle sizes. 5C has a smaller crystallite size (27 nm) than other single-phase compositions. The cation's influence, oxidation state, and oxygen vacancy in the phase formation were analysed through XPS. The single-phase HEPs are consolidated through spark plasma sintering. Y₂(TiZrHfMo)₂O₇ (4C-V) shows the highest hardness among the compositions reported so far due to its finer grain size, and Y₂(TiHfMoV)₂O₇ (4C-Zr) has a higher Young's modulus compared to other single-phase composition due to its higher degree of order in the structure.

Key words: High entropy pyrochlores, Reverse co-precipitation, B site substitution, Hardness, Young's modulus

G. Karthick, Lavanya Raman, B.S. Murty. Phase evolution and mechanical properties of novel nanocrystalline Y₂(TiZrHfMoV)₂O₇ high entropy pyrochlore[J]. J. Mater. Sci. Technol., 2021, 82: 214-226.

Figures/Tables 18

References 45

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No.	Composition	Synthesis Parameters	Consolidation techniques	Characterization techniques	Mechanical properties	Crystallite size (nm)/ grain size (μm)	Refs.
1	(GdEuSmNdLaDyHo)₂Zr₂O₇	BM (10 h) + HT	CS 1500 °C - 40h	SEM, HRTEM, Raman and XRD	-	-	[42]
2	(SmEuTbDyLu)₂Zr₂O₇	CP 600 °C - 2 h	SPS	XRD, SEM, TC	E -257 GPa	4 μm (after sintering)	[7]
2	(SmEuTbDyLu)₂Zr₂O₇	CP 600 °C - 2 h	1700 °C - 30 s	XRD, SEM, TC	H -12.42 GPa	4 μm (after sintering)	[7]
3	(LaNdSmEuGd)₂Zr₂O₇	BM (10 h) + HT 600-1500 °C- 1 h	CS	XRD, SEM, TC	-	-	[43]
3	(LaNdSmEuGd)₂Zr₂O₇	BM (10 h) + HT 600-1500 °C- 1 h	1500 °C - 3 h	XRD, SEM, TC	-	-	[43]
4	(LaNdSmGdYb)₂Zr₂O₇	Combustion Synthesis 1200 °C - 2 h	CS	XRD, SEM, EBSD, UV-vis	-	8-10 nm (for powders) /7 μm (after sintering)	[26]
4	(LaNdSmGdYb)₂Zr₂O₇	Combustion Synthesis 1200 °C - 2 h	1825 °C - 6 h	XRD, SEM, EBSD, UV-vis	-	8-10 nm (for powders) /7 μm (after sintering)	[26]
5	Sm₂(TiZrHfSn)₂O₇	BM (6 h) + HT	CS 1400-1600 °C -24 h	XRD, SEM, TC and Acoustic wave propagation	E -250 GPa, 229 GPa	-	[21]
5	Gd₂(TiZrHfSn)₂O₇	BM (6 h) + HT	CS 1400-1600 °C -24 h	XRD, SEM, TC and Acoustic wave propagation	E -250 GPa, 229 GPa	-	[21]
6	(LaCeNdSmEu)₂Zr₂O₇	CP 1300 °C -1 h	CS	XRD, SEM, TC and grain growth (1500 °C; 1-18 h)	-	1.69-3.92 μm (after sintering)	[44]
6	(LaCeNdSmEu)₂Zr₂O₇	Annealing 1500 °C - 1 h	1600 °C - 1 h	XRD, SEM, TC and grain growth (1500 °C; 1-18 h)	-	1.69-3.92 μm (after sintering)	[44]
7	(YYbErLu)₂(Zr,Hf)₂O₇	Solid state reaction (BM-8 h)	CS 1550 °C - 2 h/ SPS (1650 °C -0.5 h)	XRD, SEM, TC, CTE, grain growth (1450-1590 °C; 1-18 h)	-	0.57-2.3 μm (after sintering)	[45]
8	Y₂Ti₂O₇	RCP	SPS	XRD, SEM, Raman, NI	H - 18 GPa	33 ± 5 (for powder)	[20]
8	Y₂Ti₂O₇	700 °C - 0.17 h	1250 °C - 0.08 h	XRD, SEM, Raman, NI	E - 261 GPa	33 ± 5 (for powder)	[20]
9	Y₂Ti₂O₇	BM (20 h)	HP	XRD, SEM, NI, Flexural strength	H - 12 GPa	-	[18]
9	Y₂Ti₂O₇	1200 °C- 5 h	1500 °C- 1 h	XRD, SEM, NI, Flexural strength	E - 265 GPa	-	[18]
10	Y₂Ti₂O₇	BM (36 h)	HP	XRD, VH, Fracture toughness	H - 11.4 GPa	-	[19]
10	Y₂Ti₂O₇	1200 °C - 5 h	1340 °C -4 h	XRD, VH, Fracture toughness	H - 11.4 GPa	-	[19]
11	Y₂(TiZrHfMoV)₂O₇ (5C)	RCP	SPS	XRD, SEM, Raman, NI	E - 56 GPa	12 ± 2 (for powder)/ 130 nm (after sintering)	Present work
11	Y₂(TiZrHfMoV)₂O₇ (5C)	300 °C - 0.17 h	1200 °C -0.08 h	XRD, SEM, Raman, NI	E - 56 GPa	12 ± 2 (for powder)/ 130 nm (after sintering)	Present work
12	Y₂(TiHfMoV)₂O₇ (4C-Zr)	RCP	SPS	XRD, SEM, Raman, NI	H - 18 GPa	18 ± 2 (for powder)/ 234 nm (after sintering)	Present work
12	Y₂(TiHfMoV)₂O₇ (4C-Zr)	300 °C - 0.17 h	1200 °C - 0.08 h	XRD, SEM, Raman, NI	E- 146 GPa	18 ± 2 (for powder)/ 234 nm (after sintering)	Present work
13	Y₂ (TiZrHfMo)₂O₇ (4C-V)	RCP	SPS	XRD, SEM, Raman, NI	H- 21 GPa	12 ± 2 (for powder)/119 nm (after sintering)	Present work
13	Y₂ (TiZrHfMo)₂O₇ (4C-V)	300 °C - 0.17 h	1200 °C -0.08 h	XRD, SEM, Raman, NI	E - 209 GPa	12 ± 2 (for powder)/119 nm (after sintering)	Present work

No.	Composition	Synthesis Parameters	Consolidation techniques	Characterization techniques	Mechanical properties	Crystallite size (nm)/ grain size (μm)	Refs.
1	(GdEuSmNdLaDyHo)₂Zr₂O₇	BM (10 h) + HT	CS 1500 °C - 40h	SEM, HRTEM, Raman and XRD	-	-	[42]
2	(SmEuTbDyLu)₂Zr₂O₇	CP 600 °C - 2 h	SPS	XRD, SEM, TC	E -257 GPa	4 μm (after sintering)	[7]
2	(SmEuTbDyLu)₂Zr₂O₇	CP 600 °C - 2 h	1700 °C - 30 s	XRD, SEM, TC	H -12.42 GPa	4 μm (after sintering)	[7]
3	(LaNdSmEuGd)₂Zr₂O₇	BM (10 h) + HT 600-1500 °C- 1 h	CS	XRD, SEM, TC	-	-	[43]
3	(LaNdSmEuGd)₂Zr₂O₇	BM (10 h) + HT 600-1500 °C- 1 h	1500 °C - 3 h	XRD, SEM, TC	-	-	[43]
4	(LaNdSmGdYb)₂Zr₂O₇	Combustion Synthesis 1200 °C - 2 h	CS	XRD, SEM, EBSD, UV-vis	-	8-10 nm (for powders) /7 μm (after sintering)	[26]
4	(LaNdSmGdYb)₂Zr₂O₇	Combustion Synthesis 1200 °C - 2 h	1825 °C - 6 h	XRD, SEM, EBSD, UV-vis	-	8-10 nm (for powders) /7 μm (after sintering)	[26]
5	Sm₂(TiZrHfSn)₂O₇	BM (6 h) + HT	CS 1400-1600 °C -24 h	XRD, SEM, TC and Acoustic wave propagation	E -250 GPa, 229 GPa	-	[21]
5	Gd₂(TiZrHfSn)₂O₇	BM (6 h) + HT	CS 1400-1600 °C -24 h	XRD, SEM, TC and Acoustic wave propagation	E -250 GPa, 229 GPa	-	[21]
6	(LaCeNdSmEu)₂Zr₂O₇	CP 1300 °C -1 h	CS	XRD, SEM, TC and grain growth (1500 °C; 1-18 h)	-	1.69-3.92 μm (after sintering)	[44]
6	(LaCeNdSmEu)₂Zr₂O₇	Annealing 1500 °C - 1 h	1600 °C - 1 h	XRD, SEM, TC and grain growth (1500 °C; 1-18 h)	-	1.69-3.92 μm (after sintering)	[44]
7	(YYbErLu)₂(Zr,Hf)₂O₇	Solid state reaction (BM-8 h)	CS 1550 °C - 2 h/ SPS (1650 °C -0.5 h)	XRD, SEM, TC, CTE, grain growth (1450-1590 °C; 1-18 h)	-	0.57-2.3 μm (after sintering)	[45]
8	Y₂Ti₂O₇	RCP	SPS	XRD, SEM, Raman, NI	H - 18 GPa	33 ± 5 (for powder)	[20]
8	Y₂Ti₂O₇	700 °C - 0.17 h	1250 °C - 0.08 h	XRD, SEM, Raman, NI	E - 261 GPa	33 ± 5 (for powder)	[20]
9	Y₂Ti₂O₇	BM (20 h)	HP	XRD, SEM, NI, Flexural strength	H - 12 GPa	-	[18]
9	Y₂Ti₂O₇	1200 °C- 5 h	1500 °C- 1 h	XRD, SEM, NI, Flexural strength	E - 265 GPa	-	[18]
10	Y₂Ti₂O₇	BM (36 h)	HP	XRD, VH, Fracture toughness	H - 11.4 GPa	-	[19]
10	Y₂Ti₂O₇	1200 °C - 5 h	1340 °C -4 h	XRD, VH, Fracture toughness	H - 11.4 GPa	-	[19]
11	Y₂(TiZrHfMoV)₂O₇ (5C)	RCP	SPS	XRD, SEM, Raman, NI	E - 56 GPa	12 ± 2 (for powder)/ 130 nm (after sintering)	Present work
11	Y₂(TiZrHfMoV)₂O₇ (5C)	300 °C - 0.17 h	1200 °C -0.08 h	XRD, SEM, Raman, NI	E - 56 GPa	12 ± 2 (for powder)/ 130 nm (after sintering)	Present work
12	Y₂(TiHfMoV)₂O₇ (4C-Zr)	RCP	SPS	XRD, SEM, Raman, NI	H - 18 GPa	18 ± 2 (for powder)/ 234 nm (after sintering)	Present work
12	Y₂(TiHfMoV)₂O₇ (4C-Zr)	300 °C - 0.17 h	1200 °C - 0.08 h	XRD, SEM, Raman, NI	E- 146 GPa	18 ± 2 (for powder)/ 234 nm (after sintering)	Present work
13	Y₂ (TiZrHfMo)₂O₇ (4C-V)	RCP	SPS	XRD, SEM, Raman, NI	H- 21 GPa	12 ± 2 (for powder)/119 nm (after sintering)	Present work
13	Y₂ (TiZrHfMo)₂O₇ (4C-V)	300 °C - 0.17 h	1200 °C -0.08 h	XRD, SEM, Raman, NI	E - 209 GPa	12 ± 2 (for powder)/119 nm (after sintering)	Present work

Composition	Single phase	Secondary phase	Reason
5C	yes	-	Formation of higher oxidation state cations
4C-Zr	yes	-	Formation of higher oxidation state cations
4C-V	yes	-	Absence of V cation
4C-Ti	-	Yes (YVO₄)	Presence of uncompensated V and Mo cation
4C-Mo	-	Yes (YVO₄)	Presence of uncompensated V and Mo cation
4C-Hf	-	Yes (YVO₄ + pyrochlore phase)	Presence of uncompensated V and Mo cation

Composition	Single phase	Secondary phase	Reason
5C	yes	-	Formation of higher oxidation state cations
4C-Zr	yes	-	Formation of higher oxidation state cations
4C-V	yes	-	Absence of V cation
4C-Ti	-	Yes (YVO₄)	Presence of uncompensated V and Mo cation
4C-Mo	-	Yes (YVO₄)	Presence of uncompensated V and Mo cation
4C-Hf	-	Yes (YVO₄ + pyrochlore phase)	Presence of uncompensated V and Mo cation

No.	Synthesis temperature (10 min duration) (^oC)	Crystallite size (nm)			Lattice strain (ε) (%)
No.	Synthesis temperature (10 min duration) (^oC)	5C	4C-Zr	4C-V	5C	4C-Zr	4C-V
1	300	27	29	28	0.4	0.5	0.4
2	400	22	55	25	0.4	0.6	0.4
3	500	19	35	26	0.6	0.5	0.4
4	600	20	48	30	0.6	0.7	0.5
5	700	15	47	25	0.4	0.8	0.4
6	800	15	69	25	0.3	0.8	0.4
No.	Synthesis time (300 °C constant temperature) (min)	Crystallite size (nm)			Lattice strain (ε) (%)
No.	Synthesis time (300 °C constant temperature) (min)	5C	4C-Zr	4C-V	5C	4C-Zr	4C-V
1	30	18	39	25	0.6	0.6	0.4
2	60	16	35	16	0.5	0.7	0.5
3	120	15	31	15	0.5	0.6	0.4

Phase evolution and mechanical properties of novel nanocrystalline Y₂(TiZrHfMoV)₂O₇ high entropy pyrochlore

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Element	Y	Ti		Zr	Hf	Mo		V			O	Sum of Total Charge
Oxidation state	+3	+2	+4	+4	+4	+4	+6	+3	+4	+5	-2	10.73
Cations (%)	18.2	3.16	0.47	3.64	3.64	0.68	2.96	0.76	1.12	1.75	53.32	Metal vacancy 10.73/4 = 2.68
Normalised value	54.6	6.33	1.91	14.56	14.56	2.73	17.73	2.28	4.49	8.77	-117.63	Metal vacancy 10.73/4 = 2.68

Elements (N = 3) (Atomic %)	Powders			Pellets (1400 °C)			Pellets (1200 °C)
Elements (N = 3) (Atomic %)	5C	4C-Zr	4C-V	5C	4C-Zr	4C-V	5C	4C-Zr	4C-V
Y	50.2 ± 0.6	48.9 ± 0.2	52.4 ± 0.6	42.5 ± 0.6	46.6 ± 0.3	43.5 ± 0.1	47.8 ± 0.4	48.7 ± 1.7	43.1 ± 0.1
Ti	12.1 ± 0.1	14.5 ± 0.1	12.4 ± 0.2	10.5 ± 0.1	13.4 ± 0.3	13.5 ± 0.1	12.8 ± 0.1	15.1 ± 1.5	13.5 ± 0.1
Zr	8.1 ± 0.3	-	14.8 ± 0.1	17.4 ± 0.1	-	21.3 ± 0.1	9.8 ± 0.1	-	21.3 ± 0.1
Hf	8.5 ± 0.1	9.2 ± 0.2	8.3 ± 0.3	7.8 ± 0.1	9.7 ± 0.2	9.4 ± 0.1	8.5 ± 0.1	10.6 ± 0.1	9.43 ± 0.1
Mo	8.9 ± 0.1	13.9 ± 0.1	11.9 ± 0.2	10.8 ± 0.2	16.7 ± 0.1	12.1 ± 0.1	8.1 ± 0.2	10.6 ± 1.2	12.1 ± 0.1
V	12.1 ± 0.2	13.3 ± 0.2	-	10.9 ± 0.1	13.5 ± 0.1	-	12.8 ± 0.1	14.8 ± 1.6	-

Phase fraction - XRD (RIR)							Phase fraction - SEM
Compositions/ phases	pyrochlore	Y₂Hf₂O₇	V₃O₅	Mo₂C	pyrochlore	Mo₂C	Compositions (N = 3)	5C	4C-Zr	4C-V	5C	4C- Zr	4C-V
Compositions/ phases	1400 °C (%)				1200 °C (%)		Compositions (N = 3)	1400 °C (%)			1200 °C (%)
5C	60	27.5	4.5	8	100	-	White region	3.5 ± 1.5	2.7 ± 0.4	1.3 ± 0.8	-	-	0.7 ± 0.6
4C-Zr	82.8	-	12.1	5.1	100	-	Light grey region	88.5	85.1	98.7	100	100	99.3
4C-V	93	-	-	7	96	4	Dark grey region	8 ± 0.4	12.2 ± 0.1	-	-	-	-

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