J. Mater. Sci. Technol. ›› 2019, Vol. 35 ›› Issue (3): 360-368.DOI: 10.1016/j.jmst.2018.09.047
• Research Article • Previous Articles Next Articles
Gonçalo L. Sorgera, J.P. Oliveirabc*(), Patrick L. Inácioc, Norbert Enzingerd, Pedro Vilaçaa, R.M. Mirandac, Telmo G. Santosc
Received:
2018-04-04
Revised:
2018-05-26
Accepted:
2018-07-04
Online:
2019-03-15
Published:
2019-01-18
Contact:
Oliveira J.P.
About author:
1 These authors contributed equally to this work.
Gonçalo L. Sorger, J.P. Oliveira, Patrick L. Inácio, Norbert Enzinger, Pedro Vilaça, R.M. Miranda, Telmo G. Santos. Non-destructive microstructural analysis by electrical conductivity: Comparison with hardness measurements in different materials[J]. J. Mater. Sci. Technol., 2019, 35(3): 360-368.
Fig. 1. Complementary between hardness and electrical conductivity measurements: comparison between the region analysed, the phenomena being measured and its scale.
Material | ω (rev/min) | u (mm/min) | ω/u |
---|---|---|---|
Ti6Al4V | 1120 | 71 | 15.8 |
Cu | 1120 | 71 | 15.8 |
Pb | 560 | 112 | 5 |
S355 steel | 400 | 75 | 5.3 |
Table 1 Friction stir processing parameters used for Ti6Al4V, Cu, Pb and S355 steel.
Material | ω (rev/min) | u (mm/min) | ω/u |
---|---|---|---|
Ti6Al4V | 1120 | 71 | 15.8 |
Cu | 1120 | 71 | 15.8 |
Pb | 560 | 112 | 5 |
S355 steel | 400 | 75 | 5.3 |
Material | V (V) | I (A) | V (mm/min) |
---|---|---|---|
AISI 304 stainless steel | 15 | 80 | 225 |
Table 2 Tungsten inert gas welding parameters used for AISI 304 stainless steel.
Material | V (V) | I (A) | V (mm/min) |
---|---|---|---|
AISI 304 stainless steel | 15 | 80 | 225 |
Material | Length (mm) | Width (mm) | Thickness (mm) |
---|---|---|---|
Ti6Al4V | 200 | 100 | 4.0 |
Cu | 200 | 75 | 10 |
Pb | 200 | 75 | 3.5 |
S355 steel | 200 | 100 | 4.0 |
AISI 304 stainless steel | 120 | 95 | 2.5 |
Table 3 Dimensions of the processed materials.
Material | Length (mm) | Width (mm) | Thickness (mm) |
---|---|---|---|
Ti6Al4V | 200 | 100 | 4.0 |
Cu | 200 | 75 | 10 |
Pb | 200 | 75 | 3.5 |
S355 steel | 200 | 100 | 4.0 |
AISI 304 stainless steel | 120 | 95 | 2.5 |
Fig. 3. Microstructure of friction stir processed Ti6Al4V alloy: (a) Overview of the joint; (b) microstructure of the base material; (c) microstructure of the processed region.
Fig. 4. Electrical conductivity and hardness profiles performed in the friction stir processed Ti6Al4V. The white dashed line shown in the macrograph depicts the height at which these measurements were performed. TMAZ-Thermomechanical affected zone; HAZ-Heat affected zone; BM-base material.
Fig. 5. Microstructure of friction stir processed Cu sample: (a) overview of the joint; (b) microstructure of the base material; (c) microstructure of the stirred zone.
Fig. 6. Electrical conductivity and hardness profiles performed in the friction stir processed Cu. FZ-Fusion zone; HAZ-Heat affected zone; BM-Base material.
Fig. 7. Microstructure of friction stir processed Pb sample: (a) Overview of the joint; (b) microstructure of the base material; (c) microstructure in the stirred zone. Impurities are visible throughout the material.
Fig. 9. Microstructure of TIG welded AISI 304 stainless steel sample: (a) Overview of the joint; (b) microstructure of the base material; (c) microstructure of the fusion zone; (d) fusion boundary.
Fig. 11. EBSD images highlighting the different volume fraction of ferrite in the BM and FZ of TIG welded AISI 304. The volume fraction of ferrite (in blue) increased from 2.6% in the base material to 18.9% in the weld.
Fig. 12. Microstructure of friction stir processed S355 steel sample: a) Overview of the joint; b) microstructure of the base material; c) microstructure of the processed region.
Material | %IACS of Base Material | %IACS variation due to welding | Variation in % |
---|---|---|---|
Ti6Al4v | 0.975 | 0.024 | 2.5% |
Cu | 99 | 0.8 | 0.8% |
Pb | 8 | 0.46 | 5.8% |
AISI 304 | 2 | 0.34 | 17.0% |
S355 | 6.6 | 0.36 | 5.5% |
Table 4 Summary of the relative changes of %IACS in the analysed materials.
Material | %IACS of Base Material | %IACS variation due to welding | Variation in % |
---|---|---|---|
Ti6Al4v | 0.975 | 0.024 | 2.5% |
Cu | 99 | 0.8 | 0.8% |
Pb | 8 | 0.46 | 5.8% |
AISI 304 | 2 | 0.34 | 17.0% |
S355 | 6.6 | 0.36 | 5.5% |
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