Effect of environments and normal loads on tribological properties of nitrided Ni45(FeCoCr)40(AlTi)15 high-entropy alloys

doi:10.1016/j.jmst.2019.08.051

Abstract

Abstract:

The tribological properties of nitrided Ni₄₅(FeCoCr)₄₀(AlTi)₁₅ high-entropy alloys (HEAs) were investigated in air and simulated acid rain under different normal loads (5, 7, 10, and 12 N) at ambient temperature. The results revealed that as-cast HEAs were only composed of FCC phase, while the volume fraction of FCC phase in the nitrided alloys was significantly reduced. Moreover, the hard phases of AlN, CrN, Fe₄N, and TiN phases were formed in the nitrided alloys. The thickness of the nitriding layer was about 8.4 μm. The hardness increased from 8.7 GPa in as-cast alloys to 14.5 GPa in the nitrided alloys. In addition, under the same conditions, the friction coefficient of the nitrided alloys was higher than that of as-cast alloys, but the wear rate was generally lower than that of as-cast alloys. Furthermore, the wear rate of the nitrided alloys was the lowest in acid rain due to the lubrication, cleaning, and cooling in the liquid environment. In air, dominating wear mechanisms in as-cast and nitrided alloys were abrasive, delamination, and adhesive wears. And, the wear mechanism of as-cast and nitrided alloys in acid rain was mainly abrasive and corrosion wears.

Key words: Abrasive wear, Hardness, Corrosive wear, Microstructure, Wear mechanism

L.W. Lan, X.J. Wang, R.P. Guo, H.J. Yang, J.W. Qiao. Effect of environments and normal loads on tribological properties of nitrided Ni₄₅(FeCoCr)₄₀(AlTi)₁₅ high-entropy alloys[J]. J. Mater. Sci. Technol., 2020, 42: 85-96.

Figures/Tables 18

Fig. 1. Schematic diagram of friction and wear tests.

Table 1 Chemical composition of acid rain (×10-3 mol/L).

H⁺	K⁺	Na⁺	Ca²⁺	Mg²⁺	Cl^-	SO₄^2-
10	0.015	0.015	0.17	0.022	0.022	5.19

Fig. 2. XRD patterns of as-cast and nitrided Ni45(FeCoCr)40(AlTi)15 HEAs.

Table 2 Valence electrons and content of elements in alloys (at.%).

Al	Co	Cr	Fe	Ni	Ti
3	9	6	8	10	4
7.5	13.3	13.3	13.3	45	7.5

Fig. 3. Microstructure of (a) as-cast and (b) nitrided Ni45(FeCoCr)40(AlTi)15 HEAs.

Table 3 Chemical compositions of different regions in as-cast Ni45(FeCoCr)40(AlTi)15 HEAs.

Composition (at.%)	Al	Co	Cr	Fe	Ni	Ti
DR	6.6.	14.4	12.9	14.3	47.5	4.4
ID	2.3	12.2	19.3	12.2	41.7	12.4

Fig. 4. SEM micrograph (a) and EDS analysis (b, c) of a cross section of nitrided Ni45(FeCoCr)40(AlTi)15 HEAs.

Fig. 5. Nona-hardness on the surface of Ni45(CoCrFe)40(AlTi)15 HEAs: (a) as-cast alloy; (b) nitrided alloy.

Fig. 6. Acoustic emission signal obtained during scratch test of nitrided layer.

Fig. 7. Friction coefficient as a function of sliding time for HEAs: (a) as-cast alloys, in air; (b) as-cast alloys, in acid rain; (c) nitrided alloys, in air; and (d) nitrided alloys, in acid rain.(e)as-cast alloys, in deionized water.(f) nitride alloys, in deionized water.

Table 4 Average friction coefficient of as-cast and nitrided Ni45(FeCoCr)40(AlTi)15 HEAs under different conditions.

Friction coefficient
	Air				Rain				Deionized
	5 N	7 N	10 N	12 N	5 N	7 N	10 N	12 N	5 N	7 N	10 N	12 N
As-cast	0.21	0.42	0.38	0.18	0.15	0.14	0.10	0.20	0.38	0.41	0.49	0.38
Nitrided	0.6	0.6	0.58	0.58	0.4	0.39	0.38	0.38	0.5	0.32	0.42	0.31

Fig. 8. Wear rate as a function of the normal load for as-cast and nitrided Ni45(FeCoCr)40(AlTi)15 HEAs: (C-A): as-cast, in air; (C-R): as-cast, in acid rain; (N-A): nitrided alloy, in air; and (N-R): nitrided alloy, in acid rain. (C-D): as-cast, in deionized water (N-D): nitride alloy, in deionized water.

Table 5 Average wear rate of as-cast and nitrided Ni45(FeCoCr)40(AlTi)15 HEAs under different conditions.

Wear rate (× 10^-5 mm³/(N m))
	Air				Rain				Deionized
	5 N	7 N	10 N	12 N	5 N	7 N	10 N	12 N	5 N	7 N	10 N	12 N
As-cast	5.91	7.31	9.85	7.01	6.61	7.30	5.90	4.65	5.25	3.89	4.35	6.69
Nitrided	1.60	3.85	4.73	2.66	0.40	0.43	0.58	2.80	2.02	3.35	4.04	4.26

Fig. 9. Surface morphologies of as-cast and nitrided alloys after soaking for 5 h in acid rain: (a) as-cast alloys; and (b) nitrided alloys.

Fig. 10. SEM images of worn surface under different conditions: (a) as-cast alloys, in air; (b) as-cast alloys, in acid rain, (c) nitrided alloys, in air, (d) nitrided alloy, in acid rain, (e) as-cast alloys, in deionized water, and (f) nitrided alloys, in deionized water.

Table 6 EDS analysis results of wear debris and worn surfaces of as-cast Ni45(FeCoCr)40(AlTi)15 HEAs in air (at.%).

		Al	Co	Cr	Fe	Ni	Ti	O
5 N	Surface	6.8	11.0	11.3	11.3	36.7	6.5	16.4
5 N	Debris	3.2	5.6	5.7	5.4	18.1	3.4	58.7
7 N	Surface	7.2	13.4	13.9	14.0	42.8	6.3	2.4
7 N	Debris	5.5	9.0	9.2	8.8	29.6	5.6	32.3
10 N	Surface	6.6	12.9	13.5	13.7	40.5	6.1	6.7
10 N	Debris	3.4	5.6	5.7	5.5	17.8	3.4	58.7
12 N	Surface	7.8	11.8	12.1	11.6	37.9	6.8	12.0
12 N	Debris	4.1	4.6	5.4	4.9	15.6	3.2	62.2

Table 7 EDS analysis results of wear debris and worn surfaces of nitrided Ni45(FeCoCr)40(AlTi)15 HEAs in air (at.%).

		Al	Co	Cr	Fe	Ni	Ti	O	Cl
5 N	Surface	4.3	13.1	10.4	10.9	51.4	5.1	4.7	0.2
5 N	Debris	5.7	8.9	8.8	8.6	24.0	3.6	38.9	1.5
7 N	Surface	3.9	12.6	12.8	13.1	41.9	5.0	10.3	0.4
7 N	Debris	6.2	8.9	9.0	7.9	44.8	6.2	18.1	0.2
10 N	Surface	1.7	14.1	14.6	13.8	41.7	7.3	6.5	0.3
10 N	Debris	5.8	12.0	8.0	9.4	52.5	5.8	6.9	0.1
12 N	Surface	10.4	10.2	7.5	7.3	43.5	12.8	7.8	0.5
12 N	Debris	4.6	12.4	11.4	12.4	44.2	4.5	9.7	0.8

Fig. 11. XPS analysis of nitrided Ni45(FeCoCr)40(AlTi)15 HEAs in acid rain: (a) Al element; (b) Co element; (c) Cr element; (d) Fe element; (e) Ni element; (f) Ti element; (g) N element; and (h) O element.

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Effect of environments and normal loads on tribological properties of nitrided Ni₄₅(FeCoCr)₄₀(AlTi)₁₅ high-entropy alloys

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