J. Mater. Sci. Technol. ›› 2021, Vol. 64: 126-140.DOI: 10.1016/j.jmst.2019.10.006
• Research Article • Previous Articles Next Articles
Ini-Ibehe Nabuk Etima,b,c, Junhua Donga,*(
), Jie Weia,*(), Chen Nana, Durga Bhakta Pokharela, Aniefiok Joseph Umoha, Dake Xud, Mingzhong Sue, Wei Kea
Received:2019-06-22
Accepted:2019-08-24
Published:2021-02-20
Online:2021-03-15
Contact:
Junhua Dong,Jie Wei
About author:jwei@imr.ac.cn (J. Wei).Ini-Ibehe Nabuk Etim, Junhua Dong, Jie Wei, Chen Nan, Durga Bhakta Pokharel, Aniefiok Joseph Umoh, Dake Xu, Mingzhong Su, Wei Ke. Effect of organic silicon quaternary ammonium salts on mitigating corrosion of reinforced steel induced by SRB in mild alkaline simulated concrete pore solution[J]. J. Mater. Sci. Technol., 2021, 64: 126-140.
| Medium | Description | Composition |
|---|---|---|
| STR | Sterilized SCP | 250 mL SCP |
| STR + OSA | Sterilized SCP with OSA | 250 mL SCP +420 ppb OSA |
| STR + SRB | Sterilized SCP with SRB | 220 mL SCP +30 mL SRB |
| STR + SRB + OSA | Sterilized SCP with SRB and OSA | 220 mL SCP +30 mL SRB +420 ppb OSA |
Table 1 Compositions of the media used for the corrosion tests.
| Medium | Description | Composition |
|---|---|---|
| STR | Sterilized SCP | 250 mL SCP |
| STR + OSA | Sterilized SCP with OSA | 250 mL SCP +420 ppb OSA |
| STR + SRB | Sterilized SCP with SRB | 220 mL SCP +30 mL SRB |
| STR + SRB + OSA | Sterilized SCP with SRB and OSA | 220 mL SCP +30 mL SRB +420 ppb OSA |
Fig. 1. Structure of OSA.
Fig. 2. Growth enumeration of SRB during 28 days of immersion in STR + SRB and STR + SRB + OSA media.
Fig. 3. SEM images and EDX analysis of 20SiMn steel samples after 3 days of immersion in (a, a') STR; (b, b') STR + OSA; (c, c') STR + SRB and (d, d') STR + SRB + OSA.
Fig. 4. SEM images and EDX analysis of 20SiMn steel samples after 14 days of immersion in (a, a') STR; (b, b') STR + OSA; (c, c') STR + SRB and (d, d') STR + SRB + OSA.
Fig. 5. SEM images and EDX analysis of 20SiMn steel samples after 28 days of immersion in (a, a') STR; (b, b') STR + OSA; (c, c') STR + SRB and (d, d') STR + SRB + OSA.
Fig. 6. LSM 3-D images of 20SiMn steel surfaces exposed to STR (a), STR + OSA (b), STR + SRB (c) and STR + SRB + OSA (d) media after 3 days.
Fig. 7. LSM 3-D images of 20SiMn steel surfaces exposed to STR (a), STR + OSA, (b) STR + SRB (c) and STR + SRB + OSA (d) media after 14 days.
Fig. 8. LSM 3-D images of 20SiMn steel surfaces exposed to STR (a), STR + OSA (b), STR + SRB (c) and STR + SRB + OSA (d) media after 28 days.
| STR | STR + OSA | STR + SRB | STR + SRB + OSA | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| After 3 days period | Largest pit depth (μm) | 0.51 | 0.58 | 7.52 | 4.40 |
| Average pit depth (μm) | 0.46 ± 0.07 | 0.55 ± 0.03 | 7.26 ± 0.36 | 3.77 ± 0.88 | |
| After 14 days period | Largest pit depth (μm) | 0.82 | 0.96 | 11.16 | 7.54 |
| Average pit depth (μm) | 0.56 ± 0.36 | 0.85 ± 0.14 | 10.64 ± 0.73 | 7.32 ± 0.30 | |
| After 28 days period | Largest pit depth (μm) | 0.91 | 1.45 | 36.70 | 3.31 |
| Average pit depth (μm) | 0.78 ± 0.18 | 1.15 ± 0.41 | 31.78 ± 6.95 | 2.67 ± 0.89 |
Table 2 Pit depths of 20SiMn steel samples after immersion in STR, STR + OSA, STR + SRB and STR + SRB + OSA media for 3, 14 and 28 days.
| STR | STR + OSA | STR + SRB | STR + SRB + OSA | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| After 3 days period | Largest pit depth (μm) | 0.51 | 0.58 | 7.52 | 4.40 |
| Average pit depth (μm) | 0.46 ± 0.07 | 0.55 ± 0.03 | 7.26 ± 0.36 | 3.77 ± 0.88 | |
| After 14 days period | Largest pit depth (μm) | 0.82 | 0.96 | 11.16 | 7.54 |
| Average pit depth (μm) | 0.56 ± 0.36 | 0.85 ± 0.14 | 10.64 ± 0.73 | 7.32 ± 0.30 | |
| After 28 days period | Largest pit depth (μm) | 0.91 | 1.45 | 36.70 | 3.31 |
| Average pit depth (μm) | 0.78 ± 0.18 | 1.15 ± 0.41 | 31.78 ± 6.95 | 2.67 ± 0.89 |
Fig. 9. Corrosion rate from weight loss measurements after 1, 3, 7, 14 and 28 days in STR, STR + OSA, STR + SRB and STR + SRB + OSA media (a), effect of SRB in STR and STR + OSA media (b), effect of OSA in STR and STR + SRB media respectively (c), variation of pH (d).
Fig. 10. X-ray diffraction of the corrosion products on the surface of steel samples immersed in various media after 28 days.
Fig. 11. High resolution XPS spectra of C1s (a), Fe2p (b), S2p (c) for steel samples in STR, STR + OSA, STR + SRB and STR + SRB + OSA media after 28 days.
| Atomic concentration (at.%) | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Medium | C | O | S | Fe | Si | Mn |
| STR | 14.62 | 50.95 | - | 17.10 | 16.50 | 0.83 |
| STR + OSA | 11.11 | 52.81 | - | 20.07 | 15.34 | 0.67 |
| STR + SRB | 25.12 | 46.19 | 5.22 | 14.51 | 8.96 | - |
| STR + SRB + OSA | 35.47 | 33.58 | 3.78 | 21.21 | 5.96 | - |
Table 3 The RACE of 20SiMn steel surfaces after immersion in STR, STR + OSA, STR + SRB and STR + SRB + OSA media for 28 days measured by XPS.
| Atomic concentration (at.%) | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Medium | C | O | S | Fe | Si | Mn |
| STR | 14.62 | 50.95 | - | 17.10 | 16.50 | 0.83 |
| STR + OSA | 11.11 | 52.81 | - | 20.07 | 15.34 | 0.67 |
| STR + SRB | 25.12 | 46.19 | 5.22 | 14.51 | 8.96 | - |
| STR + SRB + OSA | 35.47 | 33.58 | 3.78 | 21.21 | 5.96 | - |
Fig. 12. Time dependence of OCP of steel samples immersed in STR, STR + OSA, STR + SRB and STR + SRB + OSA media.
Fig. 13. Potentiodynamic polarization curves of steel samples immersed in STR, STR + OSA, STR + SRB and STR + SRB + OSA media after 28 days.
| Medium | Ecorr (V vs SCE) | βa (V/dec) | βc (V/dec) | icorr (μA/cm2) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| STR | -0.26 | 0.075 | -0.082 | 0.02 |
| STR + OSA | -0.34 | 0.069 | -0.074 | 0.09 |
| STR + SRB | -0.89 | 0.058 | -0.057 | 1.96 |
| STR + SRB + OSA | -0.81 | 0.061 | -0.071 | 0.69 |
Table 4 Electrochemical parameters fitted from potentiodynamic polarization curves of 20SiMn steel in different media after 28 days of immersion.
| Medium | Ecorr (V vs SCE) | βa (V/dec) | βc (V/dec) | icorr (μA/cm2) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| STR | -0.26 | 0.075 | -0.082 | 0.02 |
| STR + OSA | -0.34 | 0.069 | -0.074 | 0.09 |
| STR + SRB | -0.89 | 0.058 | -0.057 | 1.96 |
| STR + SRB + OSA | -0.81 | 0.061 | -0.071 | 0.69 |
Fig. 14. Nyquist and Bode plots for the steel samples immersed after 1, 3, 7, 14 and 28 days in different media: STR (a-a”), STR + OSA (b-b”), STR + SRB (c-c”) and STR + SRB + OSA (d-d'), respectively.
Fig. 15. Three physical models and their related equivalent circuits used for fitting impedance spectra of 20SiMn steel samples immersed in (a) STR, (b) STR + OSA, (c) STR + SRB and STR + SRB + OSA media.
| Time (days) | Rs (Ω cm2) | Qf (Ω-1 cm-2 s-n) | nf | Rf (Ω cm2) | Qdl (Ω-1 cm-2 s-n) | ndl | Rct (Ω cm2) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | 30.41 ± 0.10 | 1.76E-4 ± 1.40E-5 | 0.93 ± 0.008 | 6.58E4 ± 1.00E3 | 1.81E-4 ± 4.85E-6 | 0.91 ± 0.002 | 8.40E3 ± 2.60E2 |
| 3 | 28.20 ± 0.08 | 1.61E-4 ± 5.77E-7 | 0.92 ± 0.001 | 5.49E4 ± 1.14E3 | 1.59E-4 ± 1.17E-6 | 0.92 ± 0.001 | 7.19E3 ± 1.65E2 |
| 7 | 29.72 ± 0.02 | 4.32E-4 ± 1.21E-4 | 0.85 ± 0.004 | 7.97E4 ± 7.48E2 | 3.62E-4 ± 1.21E-4 | 0.86 ± 0.004 | 6.06E3 ± 5.50E1 |
| 14 | 31.61 ± 0.02 | 5.02E-4 ± 1.16E-4 | 0.83 ± 0.002 | 4.11E4 ± 7.03E3 | 4.37E-4 ± 1.15E-5 | 0.86 ± 0.003 | 5.69E3 ± 0.77E1 |
| 28 | 34.43 ± 0.07 | 1.12E-3 ± 1.08E-4 | 0.82 ± 0.005 | 1.42E4 ± 3.95E2 | 7.85E-4 ± 3.27E-5 | 0.88 ± 0.008 | 5.04E3 ± 0.59E1 |
Table 5 Simulated parameters achieved by fitting results of measured EIS data in STR medium (standard deviation shown for 3 independent samples).
| Time (days) | Rs (Ω cm2) | Qf (Ω-1 cm-2 s-n) | nf | Rf (Ω cm2) | Qdl (Ω-1 cm-2 s-n) | ndl | Rct (Ω cm2) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | 30.41 ± 0.10 | 1.76E-4 ± 1.40E-5 | 0.93 ± 0.008 | 6.58E4 ± 1.00E3 | 1.81E-4 ± 4.85E-6 | 0.91 ± 0.002 | 8.40E3 ± 2.60E2 |
| 3 | 28.20 ± 0.08 | 1.61E-4 ± 5.77E-7 | 0.92 ± 0.001 | 5.49E4 ± 1.14E3 | 1.59E-4 ± 1.17E-6 | 0.92 ± 0.001 | 7.19E3 ± 1.65E2 |
| 7 | 29.72 ± 0.02 | 4.32E-4 ± 1.21E-4 | 0.85 ± 0.004 | 7.97E4 ± 7.48E2 | 3.62E-4 ± 1.21E-4 | 0.86 ± 0.004 | 6.06E3 ± 5.50E1 |
| 14 | 31.61 ± 0.02 | 5.02E-4 ± 1.16E-4 | 0.83 ± 0.002 | 4.11E4 ± 7.03E3 | 4.37E-4 ± 1.15E-5 | 0.86 ± 0.003 | 5.69E3 ± 0.77E1 |
| 28 | 34.43 ± 0.07 | 1.12E-3 ± 1.08E-4 | 0.82 ± 0.005 | 1.42E4 ± 3.95E2 | 7.85E-4 ± 3.27E-5 | 0.88 ± 0.008 | 5.04E3 ± 0.59E1 |
| Time (days) | Rs (Ω cm2) | Qf (Ω-1 cm-2 s-n) | nf | Rf (Ω cm2) | Qdl (Ω-1 cm-2 s-n) | ndl | Rct (Ω cm2) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | 22.86 ± 0.39 | 6.06E-4 ± 1.00E-5 | 0.69 ± 0.004 | 4.43E4 ± 1.02E3 | 2.37E-4 ± 2.88E-4 | 0.92 ± 0.003 | 4.97E3 ± 0.98E1 |
| 3 | 32.73 ± 0.36 | 5.43E-4 ± 1.01E-4 | 0.68 ± 0.001 | 5.74E4 ± 1.50E3 | 6.89E-4 ± 2.23E-4 | 0.82 ± 0.014 | 3.54E3 ± 2.99E2 |
| 7 | 27.85 ± 0.32 | 8.86E-4 ± 9.19E-5 | 0.66 ± 0.028 | 4.49E4 ± 1.03E3 | 1.14E-3 ± 1.67E-4 | 0.85 ± 0.008 | 1.99E3 ± 3.26E2 |
| 14 | 34.93 ± 1.45 | 4.94E-4 ± 1.82E-5 | 0.65 ± 0.017 | 3.28E4 ± 1.13E2 | 1.91E-3 ± 1.76E-4 | 0.76 ± 0.031 | 1.68E3 ± 6.26E1 |
| 28 | 51.85 ± 0.62 | 1.82E-4 ± 4.26E-5 | 0.60 ± 0.007 | 1.14E4 ± 1.36E2 | 9.29E-4 ± 8.07E-5 | 0.70 ± 0.008 | 1.55E3 ± 5.16E1 |
Table 6 Simulated parameters achieved by fitting results of measured EIS data in STR + OSA medium (standard deviation shown for 3 independent samples).
| Time (days) | Rs (Ω cm2) | Qf (Ω-1 cm-2 s-n) | nf | Rf (Ω cm2) | Qdl (Ω-1 cm-2 s-n) | ndl | Rct (Ω cm2) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | 22.86 ± 0.39 | 6.06E-4 ± 1.00E-5 | 0.69 ± 0.004 | 4.43E4 ± 1.02E3 | 2.37E-4 ± 2.88E-4 | 0.92 ± 0.003 | 4.97E3 ± 0.98E1 |
| 3 | 32.73 ± 0.36 | 5.43E-4 ± 1.01E-4 | 0.68 ± 0.001 | 5.74E4 ± 1.50E3 | 6.89E-4 ± 2.23E-4 | 0.82 ± 0.014 | 3.54E3 ± 2.99E2 |
| 7 | 27.85 ± 0.32 | 8.86E-4 ± 9.19E-5 | 0.66 ± 0.028 | 4.49E4 ± 1.03E3 | 1.14E-3 ± 1.67E-4 | 0.85 ± 0.008 | 1.99E3 ± 3.26E2 |
| 14 | 34.93 ± 1.45 | 4.94E-4 ± 1.82E-5 | 0.65 ± 0.017 | 3.28E4 ± 1.13E2 | 1.91E-3 ± 1.76E-4 | 0.76 ± 0.031 | 1.68E3 ± 6.26E1 |
| 28 | 51.85 ± 0.62 | 1.82E-4 ± 4.26E-5 | 0.60 ± 0.007 | 1.14E4 ± 1.36E2 | 9.29E-4 ± 8.07E-5 | 0.70 ± 0.008 | 1.55E3 ± 5.16E1 |
| Time (days) | Rs (Ω cm2) | Qb (Ω-1 cm-2 s-n) | nb | Rb (Ω cm2) | Qdl (Ω-1 cm-2 s-n) | ndl | Rct (Ω cm2) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | 32.83 ± 0.12 | 0.93E-2 ± 2.50E-4 | 0.64 ± 1.3E-3 | 7.51E3 ± 2.23E2 | 4.84E-4 ± 1.59E-5 | 0.97 ± 0.001 | 9.22E2 ± 1.02E1 |
| 3 | 29.30 ± 0.02 | 2.56E-2 ± 2.10E-4 | 0.57 ± 0.4E-3 | 5.59E3 ± 1.16E2 | 1.18E-3 ± 0.91E-5 | 0.96 ± 0.013 | 7.80E2 ± 0.41E1 |
| 7 | 35.99 ± 0.22 | 2.88E-2 ± 8.02E-4 | 0.54 ± 3.8E-3 | 5.33E3 ± 0.15E2 | 4.01E-3 ± 2.78E-4 | 0.95 ± 0.041 | 6.75E2 ± 1.58E1 |
| 14 | 27.51 ± 0.08 | 3.09E-2 ± 1.40E-4 | 0.52 ± 1.4E-3 | 5.12E3 ± 0.05E2 | 2.16E-3 ± 7.49E-5 | 0.92 ± 0.005 | 6.20E2 ± 1.67E1 |
| 28 | 28.16 ± 0.01 | 3.28E-2 ± 0.20E-4 | 0.48 ± 0.6E-3 | 4.64E3 ± 1.05E2 | 2.90E-3 ± 6.21E-5 | 0.84 ± 0.003 | 5.23E2 ± 0.95E1 |
Table 7 Simulated parameters achieved by fitting results of measured EIS data in STR + SRB medium (standard deviation shown for 3 independent samples).
| Time (days) | Rs (Ω cm2) | Qb (Ω-1 cm-2 s-n) | nb | Rb (Ω cm2) | Qdl (Ω-1 cm-2 s-n) | ndl | Rct (Ω cm2) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | 32.83 ± 0.12 | 0.93E-2 ± 2.50E-4 | 0.64 ± 1.3E-3 | 7.51E3 ± 2.23E2 | 4.84E-4 ± 1.59E-5 | 0.97 ± 0.001 | 9.22E2 ± 1.02E1 |
| 3 | 29.30 ± 0.02 | 2.56E-2 ± 2.10E-4 | 0.57 ± 0.4E-3 | 5.59E3 ± 1.16E2 | 1.18E-3 ± 0.91E-5 | 0.96 ± 0.013 | 7.80E2 ± 0.41E1 |
| 7 | 35.99 ± 0.22 | 2.88E-2 ± 8.02E-4 | 0.54 ± 3.8E-3 | 5.33E3 ± 0.15E2 | 4.01E-3 ± 2.78E-4 | 0.95 ± 0.041 | 6.75E2 ± 1.58E1 |
| 14 | 27.51 ± 0.08 | 3.09E-2 ± 1.40E-4 | 0.52 ± 1.4E-3 | 5.12E3 ± 0.05E2 | 2.16E-3 ± 7.49E-5 | 0.92 ± 0.005 | 6.20E2 ± 1.67E1 |
| 28 | 28.16 ± 0.01 | 3.28E-2 ± 0.20E-4 | 0.48 ± 0.6E-3 | 4.64E3 ± 1.05E2 | 2.90E-3 ± 6.21E-5 | 0.84 ± 0.003 | 5.23E2 ± 0.95E1 |
| Time (days) | Rs (Ω cm2) | Qb (Ω-1 cm-2 s-n) | nb | Rb (Ω cm2) | Qdl (Ω-1 cm-2 s-n) | ndl | Rct (Ω cm2) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | 30.38 ± 0.06 | 3.56E-3 ± 1.58E-5 | 0.67 ± 9.3E-3 | 3.50E4 ± 4.95E2 | 4.26E-4 ± 6.24E-5 | 0.93 ± 0.014 | 4.29E3 ± 8.27E1 |
| 3 | 31.30 ± 0.04 | 3.87E-3 ± 4.04E-4 | 0.62 ± 5.0E-2 | 3.11E4 ± 5.87E2 | 6.65E-4 ± 5.89E-5 | 0.85 ± 0.015 | 3.25E3 ± 5.37E1 |
| 7 | 31.74 ± 0.01 | 4.21E-3 ± 4.10E-7 | 0.73 ± 2.8E-3 | 3.29E4 ± 1.02E3 | 3.88E-4 ± 7.99E-6 | 0.76 ± 0.006 | 4.08E3 ± 6.71E1 |
| 14 | 31.84 ± 0.29 | 4.37E-3 ± 8.77E-5 | 0.61 ± 5.6E-2 | 2.32E4 ± 7.78E1 | 3.99E-4 ± 2.33E-6 | 0.86 ± 0.003 | 2.58E3 ± 3.71E1 |
| 28 | 33.14 ± 0.40 | 4.75E-3 ± 1.12E-4 | 0.57 ± 3.2E-2 | 1.01E4 ± 8.48E1 | 1.70E-3 ± 1.55E-5 | 0.81 ± 0.007 | 1.20E3 ± 5.52E1 |
Table 8 Simulated parameters achieved by fitting results of measured EIS data in STR + SRB + OSA medium (standard deviation shown for 3 independent samples).
| Time (days) | Rs (Ω cm2) | Qb (Ω-1 cm-2 s-n) | nb | Rb (Ω cm2) | Qdl (Ω-1 cm-2 s-n) | ndl | Rct (Ω cm2) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | 30.38 ± 0.06 | 3.56E-3 ± 1.58E-5 | 0.67 ± 9.3E-3 | 3.50E4 ± 4.95E2 | 4.26E-4 ± 6.24E-5 | 0.93 ± 0.014 | 4.29E3 ± 8.27E1 |
| 3 | 31.30 ± 0.04 | 3.87E-3 ± 4.04E-4 | 0.62 ± 5.0E-2 | 3.11E4 ± 5.87E2 | 6.65E-4 ± 5.89E-5 | 0.85 ± 0.015 | 3.25E3 ± 5.37E1 |
| 7 | 31.74 ± 0.01 | 4.21E-3 ± 4.10E-7 | 0.73 ± 2.8E-3 | 3.29E4 ± 1.02E3 | 3.88E-4 ± 7.99E-6 | 0.76 ± 0.006 | 4.08E3 ± 6.71E1 |
| 14 | 31.84 ± 0.29 | 4.37E-3 ± 8.77E-5 | 0.61 ± 5.6E-2 | 2.32E4 ± 7.78E1 | 3.99E-4 ± 2.33E-6 | 0.86 ± 0.003 | 2.58E3 ± 3.71E1 |
| 28 | 33.14 ± 0.40 | 4.75E-3 ± 1.12E-4 | 0.57 ± 3.2E-2 | 1.01E4 ± 8.48E1 | 1.70E-3 ± 1.55E-5 | 0.81 ± 0.007 | 1.20E3 ± 5.52E1 |
Fig. 16. Proposed pit formation and OSA mitigation mechanisms on 20SiMn steel surface in (a) STR, (b) STR + OSA, (c) STR + SRB and (d) STR + SRB + OSA media after 28 days.
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