Dual-function antibacterial surfaces to resist and kill bacteria: Painting a picture with two brushes simultaneously

doi:10.1016/j.jmst.2020.07.028

Abstract

Abstract:

Attachment of bacteria and subsequent formation of biofilms on material surfaces lead to serious consequences including infection, contamination and biofouling, posing a prominent threat to human health and causing problems in many industries. Therefore, it is highly desirable to endow the surfaces with antibacterial properties. Traditional antibacterial surfaces are designed via either bacteria-resisting strategy to prevent the initial adhesion of bacteria or bacteria-killing strategy to eradicate any bacteria that attach to the surface. However, these single-function surfaces have their inherent shortcomings and cannot realize long-term efficacy against bacteria. In recent years, various dual-function antibacterial surfaces with both bacteria-resisting and bacteria-killing properties together have been developed, showing better performance for combating surface-attached bacteria and preventing formation of biofilms. In this review, we summarize the recent development of these dual-function antibacterial surfaces. We focus on the design principles and fabrication strategies of such surfaces and highlight the representative examples, which are categorized specifically into two types according to the anti-adhesive and bactericidal properties are simultaneous or switchable. A brief perspective is finally presented on current challenges and future research directions.

Key words: Antibacterial surfaces, Bactericidal property, Biocides, Anti-adhesive, Antifouling

Yi Zou, Yanxia Zhang, Qian Yu, Hong Chen. Dual-function antibacterial surfaces to resist and kill bacteria: Painting a picture with two brushes simultaneously[J]. J. Mater. Sci. Technol., 2021, 70: 24-38.

Figures/Tables 16

Table 1 Summary of dual-function antibacterial surfaces fabricated using different combination methods of anti-adhesive component and bactericidal component.

Substrate	Anti-adhesive component	Bactericidal component	Combination method	Bacterial strain	Ref.
Silicon	PHEAA	PMETA	Co-polymerization	E. coli, S. aureus	[63]
PDMS	PMPC	PMETA	Co-polymerization	S. aureus	[64]
TFC membrane	PSBMA	PMETA	Co-polymerization	E. coli	[65]
PDMS	PEG	AMP	Co-polymerization	E. coli, P. aeruginosa, S. aureus	[66]
PDMS	PEG	PHMB	Co-polymerization	E. coli, P. aeruginosa	[67]
PDMS	PEG	PHMG	Co-polymerization	P. aeruginosa, S. aureus, F. solani	[68]
Silicone rubber	PEG	Polycarbonate	Co-polymerization	MSSA, MRSA	[69]
Silicone rubber	PEG	Polycarbonate	Co-polymerization	E. coli, S. aureus	[70]
Silicon	LysAAm	QAC	Co-polymerization	S. aureus	[71]
SS	PMPC	PMETA	Co-immobilization	S. aureus, Pseudomonas sp.	[72]
Silicon	PSBMA	PQA	Co-immobilization	S. aureus	[73]
SS	PMPC	PLys	Co-immobilization	E. coli, S. epidermidis	[74,75]
PES	SBMA	AgNPs	Co-immobilization	E. coli, S. aureus	[76,77]
PES	PSBMA	PDMC	Co-immobilization	E. coli, S. aureus	[78]
Glass	PDMS	CuNPs	Co-deposition	E. coli, S. aureus	[79]
Glass	F-SiO₂	CuO	Co-deposition	E. coli	[80]
Aluminum	F-SiO₂	Lysozyme	Co-deposition	L. innocua, S. Typhimurium	[81]
P(3HB-4HB)	HA	PAMAM	LBL	E. coli	[82]
TFC membrane	PAA	TOB	LBL	E. coli, B. subtilis	[83]
Quartz	PEG	PDDA	LBL	E. coli, S. aureus	[84]
Titanium	HA	CS	LBL	E. coli, S. aureus	[85]
PET	HEP	CS	LBL	E. coli	[86]
Silicon, Glass	HEP	CS	LBL	S. aureus	[87]
PS	HEP	CS	LBL	E. coli	[88]
PCU	PSA	CS	Crosslinking	E. coli, S. aureus	[89]
SS	PHEAA	PMETA	Crosslinking	E. coli	[90]
SS	PEG	QAC	Crosslinking	E. coli, S. aureus	[91]
PU	PAA	PHMB	Crosslinking	E. coli, S. aureus	[92]
PES	PSBMA	AgNPs	Loading	E. coli, S. aureus	[93]
Silicon	Silicone oil	AgNPs	Loading	E. coli	[94]
SS	PC	AgNPs	Loading	E. coli, S. mutans	[95]
PES	PSBMA	AgNPs	Loading	E. coli, S. aureus	[96]
PES	VSA + META	GO	Loading	E. coli	[97]
PEI/PVDMA	Liquid oil	Triclosan	Loading	C. albicans	[98]

Table 1 Summary of dual-function antibacterial surfaces fabricated using different combination methods of anti-adhesive component and bactericidal component.

Substrate	Anti-adhesive component	Bactericidal component	Combination method	Bacterial strain	Ref.
Silicon	PHEAA	PMETA	Co-polymerization	E. coli, S. aureus	[63]
PDMS	PMPC	PMETA	Co-polymerization	S. aureus	[64]
TFC membrane	PSBMA	PMETA	Co-polymerization	E. coli	[65]
PDMS	PEG	AMP	Co-polymerization	E. coli, P. aeruginosa, S. aureus	[66]
PDMS	PEG	PHMB	Co-polymerization	E. coli, P. aeruginosa	[67]
PDMS	PEG	PHMG	Co-polymerization	P. aeruginosa, S. aureus, F. solani	[68]
Silicone rubber	PEG	Polycarbonate	Co-polymerization	MSSA, MRSA	[69]
Silicone rubber	PEG	Polycarbonate	Co-polymerization	E. coli, S. aureus	[70]
Silicon	LysAAm	QAC	Co-polymerization	S. aureus	[71]
SS	PMPC	PMETA	Co-immobilization	S. aureus, Pseudomonas sp.	[72]
Silicon	PSBMA	PQA	Co-immobilization	S. aureus	[73]
SS	PMPC	PLys	Co-immobilization	E. coli, S. epidermidis	[74,75]
PES	SBMA	AgNPs	Co-immobilization	E. coli, S. aureus	[76,77]
PES	PSBMA	PDMC	Co-immobilization	E. coli, S. aureus	[78]
Glass	PDMS	CuNPs	Co-deposition	E. coli, S. aureus	[79]
Glass	F-SiO₂	CuO	Co-deposition	E. coli	[80]
Aluminum	F-SiO₂	Lysozyme	Co-deposition	L. innocua, S. Typhimurium	[81]
P(3HB-4HB)	HA	PAMAM	LBL	E. coli	[82]
TFC membrane	PAA	TOB	LBL	E. coli, B. subtilis	[83]
Quartz	PEG	PDDA	LBL	E. coli, S. aureus	[84]
Titanium	HA	CS	LBL	E. coli, S. aureus	[85]
PET	HEP	CS	LBL	E. coli	[86]
Silicon, Glass	HEP	CS	LBL	S. aureus	[87]
PS	HEP	CS	LBL	E. coli	[88]
PCU	PSA	CS	Crosslinking	E. coli, S. aureus	[89]
SS	PHEAA	PMETA	Crosslinking	E. coli	[90]
SS	PEG	QAC	Crosslinking	E. coli, S. aureus	[91]
PU	PAA	PHMB	Crosslinking	E. coli, S. aureus	[92]
PES	PSBMA	AgNPs	Loading	E. coli, S. aureus	[93]
Silicon	Silicone oil	AgNPs	Loading	E. coli	[94]
SS	PC	AgNPs	Loading	E. coli, S. mutans	[95]
PES	PSBMA	AgNPs	Loading	E. coli, S. aureus	[96]
PES	VSA + META	GO	Loading	E. coli	[97]
PEI/PVDMA	Liquid oil	Triclosan	Loading	C. albicans	[98]

Fig. 1. Schematic illustration of main strategies for fabrication of dual-function antibacterial surfaces with both anti-adhesive and bactericidal properties.

Fig. 2. Schematic illustration of fabrication of dual-function antibacterial surfaces based on (a) mixed PHEAA/PMETA brushes [63], (b) P(DMAEMA+-r-MPC) random copolymer brushes [64], and (c) P(SBMA-b-META) diblock copolymer brushes [65] via surface-initiated polymerization.

Fig. 3. Schematic illustration of (a) synthesis of “dual-function macromonomer” containing PEG and AMP and (b) preparation process of dual-functional bottlebrush coating on a PDMS substrate via plasma/UV-induced polymerization. Reproduced with permission from Ref. [66], copyright 2017, Elsevier.

Fig. 4. Schematic illustration of fabrication of dual-function antibacterial surfaces via co-immobilized two functional polymer chains using (a) orthogonal “click” reactions [72], (b) DA [73] or (c) TA [74] as anchor group.

Fig. 5. Schematic illustration of the preparation of a dual-function antibacterial surface based on the co-immobilization of AgNPs and zwitterionic polymer using TA/Fe as a functional layer. Reproduced with permission from Ref. [76], copyright 2019, American Chemical Society.

Fig. 6. Schematic illustration of fabrication of superhydrophobic dual-function antibacterial surfaces by co-deposition of fluorinated SiO2 nanoparticles and (a) CuO nanoparticles or (b) lysozyme. Reproduced with permission from (a) Ref. [80], copyright 2018, American Chemical Society and (b) Ref. [81], copyright 2020, American Chemical Society.

Fig. 9. Schematic illustration of synthetic process of dual-functional surface with triplex-crosslinked network of covalent bonds, hydrogen bonds, and ionic interactions. Reproduced with permission from Ref. [91], copyright 2020, Elsevier.

Fig. 10. Schematic illustration of the surface modification process of grafting hydrogel thin layer onto a PES membrane and loading AgNPs in it. Reproduced with permission from Ref. [93], copyright 2017, American Chemical Society.

Fig. 11. Schematic illustration of fabrication process of SLIPS loaded with AgNPs. Step 1: spin coating of PS/PPFPA blends; Step 2: selective removal of PS; Step3: functionalization of DA and PDMS; Step 4: reduction of Ag ions to AgNPs; and Step 5: infusion of silicone oil. Reproduced with permission from Ref. [94], copyright 2019, American Chemical Society.

Fig. 12. Schematic illustration of the dual-function antibacterial surface with switchable properties based on (a) bacteria-activatable MLT that exhibits zwitterionic structure under physiological conditions and exposes the bactericidal guanidinium and primary amine groups in bacterially induced acidic environments and (b) the existence of PEG to exhibit biocompatible property and fracture of Schiff Base bond in bacterially induced acidic environments to expose bactericidal layer. Reproduced with permission from (a) Ref. [142], copyright 2019, The Royal Society of Chemistry and (b) Ref. [147], copyright 2020, The Royal Society of Chemistry.

Fig. 13. Schematic illustration of bacterial hyaluronidase and pH dual-responsive surface with switchable anti-adhesive and bactericidal properties. Reproduced with permission from Ref. [149], copyright 2018, The Royal Society of Chemistry.

Fig. 14. Schematic illustration of experimental concept for fabrication of dual-functional surface with electric-responsive property by doping with polypyrrole and incorporating CV. Reproduced with permission from Ref. [152], copyright 2019, Wiley-VCH.

Fig. 15. Schematic illustration of three kinds of smart antibacterial surface with “kill-release” strategy: (i) “K + R”-type (ii) “K→R”-type (iii) “K+(R)”-type. Reproduced with permission from Ref. [170], copyright 2019, American Chemical Society.

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