J. Mater. Sci. Technol. ›› 2021, Vol. 64: 57-65.DOI: 10.1016/j.jmst.2019.12.008
• Research article • Previous Articles Next Articles
Dequan Wua, Lingwei Maa, Bei Liua, Dawei Zhanga,*(
), Badar Minhasa, Hongchang Qiana, Herman A. Terrynb,c, Johannes M.C.Molc
Received:2019-10-28
Accepted:2019-12-03
Published:2021-02-20
Online:2021-03-15
Contact:
Dawei Zhang
About author:*. E-mail address: dzhang@ustb.edu.cn(D. Zhang).Dequan Wu, Lingwei Ma, Bei Liu, Dawei Zhang, Badar Minhas, Hongchang Qian, Herman A. Terryn, Johannes M.C.Mol. Long-term deterioration of lubricant-infused nanoporous anodic aluminium oxide surface immersed in NaCl solution[J]. J. Mater. Sci. Technol., 2021, 64: 57-65.
Fig. 1. Cryo-SEM images showing (1) top view and (2) cross section of LIS during immersion in 1 M NaCl solution for (a) 0, (b) 20, and (c) 60 days.
Fig. 2. Cryo-SEM image of LIS during immersion in 1 M NaCl solution for 90 (a), 150 (b) and 210 (c) days. (a1) Top view, (a2) upper cross section. (b1) Top view, (b2) entire cross section, (b3) upper cross section, and (b4) bottom cross section. (c1) Upper cross section, (c2) bottom cross section.
Fig. 3. (a) WCA on surface covered by oil layer (a1), solid and oil composite surface (a2), and solid and air composite surface (a3). WCA (b) and SA (c) of LIS during different deterioration stages.
Fig. 4. Change in lubricant mass of LIS during long-term immersion. (a) UV absorption spectra of standard lubricant solutions with different lubricant concentrations (0.4, 0.8, 1.2, 1.6, 2.0, 2.4, 2.8, 3.2, 3.6, and 4.0 μL/mL) in dichloromethane, (b) linear correlation between UV absorption intensity and lubricant concentration, (c) UV absorption spectra of extracted lubricant in dichloromethane, (d) change in lubricant mass in LIS during deterioration process.
Fig. 5. (a) Impedance modulus plots and (b) phase angle plots for LIS with controlled top layer lubricant thicknesses (0, 1, 3, 5 and 7 μm), bare AAO immersed in 1 M NaCl solution for 0 day (the NaCl solution was just infused into the nanochannel), and bare AAO immersed in 1 M NaCl solution for 20 days. (c) Impedance modulus plots and (d) phase angle plots of LIS during immersion in 1 M NaCl solution for up to 210 days.
Fig. 6. Deterioration process of cracked LIS. (a, b) Cracks and nanochannels in LIS still filled with lubricant after immersion in 1 M NaCl solution for 60 days. (c, d) lubricant dissolved from nanochannels partially but from cracks predominantly after immersion in NaCl solution for 150 days.
Fig. 7. (a) Impedance modulus plots and (b) phase angle plots of standard specimens (intact and cracked) to simulate deterioration process of defective LIS.
Fig. 8. Equivalent circuits for modelling impedance behaviour of LIS in different deterioration stages. (a) Nanochannels infused with lubricant, (b) simplified circuit of (a), (c) nanochannels fully penetrated by NaCl solution, and (d) attack occurring on barrier layer.
| Time (d) | Qp (×10-10 S sn cm-2) | n | Cp (×10-10 S sn cm-2) | Rp (×103 Ω cm2) | Qb (×10-10 S sn cm-2) | n | Cb (×10-10 S sn cm-2) | Rb (×109 Ω cm2) | χ2 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 0 | 7.38 | 0.89 | 3.08 | 1175 | 242 | 0.90 | 377 | 2.24 | 4.5 × 10-3 |
| 20 | 17.7 | 0.98 | 15.3 | 474.3 | 308 | 0.84 | 675 | 1.99 | 2.1 × 10-3 |
| 40 | 139 | 0.82 | 34.7 | 128.6 | 369 | 0.92 | 549 | 2.63 | 6.2 × 10-4 |
| 60 | 904 | 0.89 | 431 | 27.47 | 409 | 0.95 | 503 | 1.26 | 3.3 × 10-4 |
| 90 | 752 | 0.98 | 658 | 18.7 | 443 | 0.92 | 659 | 2.16 | 3.2 × 10-3 |
| 120 | 2674 | 0.95 | 2018 | 17.9 | 447 | 0.94 | 610 | 2.91 | 7.8 × 10-3 |
Table 1 Electrochemical parameters ?tted from EIS results of LIS immersed in 1 M NaCl solution from 0 to 120 days.
| Time (d) | Qp (×10-10 S sn cm-2) | n | Cp (×10-10 S sn cm-2) | Rp (×103 Ω cm2) | Qb (×10-10 S sn cm-2) | n | Cb (×10-10 S sn cm-2) | Rb (×109 Ω cm2) | χ2 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 0 | 7.38 | 0.89 | 3.08 | 1175 | 242 | 0.90 | 377 | 2.24 | 4.5 × 10-3 |
| 20 | 17.7 | 0.98 | 15.3 | 474.3 | 308 | 0.84 | 675 | 1.99 | 2.1 × 10-3 |
| 40 | 139 | 0.82 | 34.7 | 128.6 | 369 | 0.92 | 549 | 2.63 | 6.2 × 10-4 |
| 60 | 904 | 0.89 | 431 | 27.47 | 409 | 0.95 | 503 | 1.26 | 3.3 × 10-4 |
| 90 | 752 | 0.98 | 658 | 18.7 | 443 | 0.92 | 659 | 2.16 | 3.2 × 10-3 |
| 120 | 2674 | 0.95 | 2018 | 17.9 | 447 | 0.94 | 610 | 2.91 | 7.8 × 10-3 |
| Time (d) | θQp (×10-10 S sn cm-2) | n | θCp (×10-10 S sn cm-2) | Rp/θ (×103 Ω cm2) | θQb (×10-10 S sn cm-2) | n | θCb (×10-10 S sn cm-2) | Rb/θ (×109 Ω cm2) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 150 | 2566 | 0.80 | 778 | 33.0 | 685 | 0.95 | 814 | 0.39 |
| 80 | 18410 | 0.67 | 4640 | 33.1 | 738 | 0.87 | 1297 | 0.59 |
| 210 | 12460 | 0.85 | 6187 | 15.2 | 1650 | 0.64 | 14251 | 0.28 |
Table 2 Electrochemical parameters ?tted from EIS results of LIS immersed in 1 M NaCl solution from 150 to 210 days.
| Time (d) | θQp (×10-10 S sn cm-2) | n | θCp (×10-10 S sn cm-2) | Rp/θ (×103 Ω cm2) | θQb (×10-10 S sn cm-2) | n | θCb (×10-10 S sn cm-2) | Rb/θ (×109 Ω cm2) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 150 | 2566 | 0.80 | 778 | 33.0 | 685 | 0.95 | 814 | 0.39 |
| 80 | 18410 | 0.67 | 4640 | 33.1 | 738 | 0.87 | 1297 | 0.59 |
| 210 | 12460 | 0.85 | 6187 | 15.2 | 1650 | 0.64 | 14251 | 0.28 |
Fig. 9. Fitting results of parameters (R (or θR) and C (or θC)) of (a) lubricant in porous layer and (b) barrier layer during immersion in 1 M NaCl solution for 210 days.
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