J. Mater. Sci. Technol. ›› 2019, Vol. 35 ›› Issue (8): 1618-1628.DOI: 10.1016/j.jmst.2019.03.026
• Orginal Article • Previous Articles Next Articles
Guangyu Liu(), Shohreh Khorsand(), Shouxun Ji*()
Received:
2018-10-19
Revised:
2018-10-31
Accepted:
2019-02-20
Online:
2019-08-05
Published:
2019-06-19
Contact:
Ji Shouxun
About author:
1The authors contributed equally to this work.
Guangyu Liu, Shohreh Khorsand, Shouxun Ji. Electrochemical corrosion behaviour of Sn-Zn-xBi alloys used for miniature detonating cords[J]. J. Mater. Sci. Technol., 2019, 35(8): 1618-1628.
Alloys | Zn | Bi | Ni | Cu | Fe | Sb | As | Cd | Sn |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Sn-3Zn | 3.11 | 0.03 | 0.01 | 0.015 | 0.01 | 0.02 | 0.014 | 0.006 | Rem. |
Sn-3Zn-1Bi | 2.89 | 0.98 | 0.01 | 0.012 | 0.01 | 0.02 | 0.008 | 0.006 | Rem. |
Sn-3Zn-3Bi | 3.01 | 3.15 | 0.01 | 0.011 | 0.01 | 0.02 | 0.009 | 0.005 | Rem. |
Sn-3Zn-5Bi | 3.09 | 5.21 | 0.01 | 0.016 | 0.01 | 0.03 | 0.012 | 0.007 | Rem. |
Sn-3Zn-7Bi | 2.95 | 6.93 | 0.01 | 0.013 | 0.01 | 0.02 | 0.009 | 0.005 | Rem. |
Table 1 Chemical composition of the experimental Sn-Zn-Bi alloys analysed by inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy (ICP-AES), wt%.
Alloys | Zn | Bi | Ni | Cu | Fe | Sb | As | Cd | Sn |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Sn-3Zn | 3.11 | 0.03 | 0.01 | 0.015 | 0.01 | 0.02 | 0.014 | 0.006 | Rem. |
Sn-3Zn-1Bi | 2.89 | 0.98 | 0.01 | 0.012 | 0.01 | 0.02 | 0.008 | 0.006 | Rem. |
Sn-3Zn-3Bi | 3.01 | 3.15 | 0.01 | 0.011 | 0.01 | 0.02 | 0.009 | 0.005 | Rem. |
Sn-3Zn-5Bi | 3.09 | 5.21 | 0.01 | 0.016 | 0.01 | 0.03 | 0.012 | 0.007 | Rem. |
Sn-3Zn-7Bi | 2.95 | 6.93 | 0.01 | 0.013 | 0.01 | 0.02 | 0.009 | 0.005 | Rem. |
Fig. 1. Backscattered SEM micrographs showing the microstructure of Sn-Zn-Bi alloys prior to electrochemical measurements: (a) Sn-3Zn, (b) Sn-3Zn-1Bi, (c) Sn-3Zn-3Bi, (d) Sn-3Zn-5Bi, and (e, f) Sn-3Zn-7Bi.
Alloys | Ecorr(mV vs SCE) | icorr (μA·cm-2) | icc (μA·cm-2) | bc (mV/decade) | ba (mV/decade) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Sn-3Zn | -1003 ± 14 | 13.5 ± 0.5 | 5954 ± 87 | -550 ± 24 | 45 ± 4 |
Sn-3Zn-1Bi | -995 ± 9 | 17.4 ± 0.9 | 6575 ± 72 | -510 ± 15 | 40 ± 5 |
Sn-3Zn-3Bi | -1034 ± 12 | 15.8 ± 1.3 | 7138 ± 85 | - | 40 ± 6 |
Sn-3Zn-5Bi | -1025 ± 16 | 13.4 ± 1.1 | 6009 ± 84 | -530 ± 20 | 75 ± 10 |
Sn-3Zn-7Bi | -1048 ± 13 | 8.7 ± 1.5 | 5821 ± 78 | -310 ± 30 | 55 ± 10 |
Table 2 Electrochemical parameters for the Sn-3Zn-xBi (x = 0, 1, 3, 5, and 7 wt%) alloys measured in 0.5 M NaCl solution. Ecorr: corrosion potential, icorr: corrosion current density, icc: critical current density.
Alloys | Ecorr(mV vs SCE) | icorr (μA·cm-2) | icc (μA·cm-2) | bc (mV/decade) | ba (mV/decade) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Sn-3Zn | -1003 ± 14 | 13.5 ± 0.5 | 5954 ± 87 | -550 ± 24 | 45 ± 4 |
Sn-3Zn-1Bi | -995 ± 9 | 17.4 ± 0.9 | 6575 ± 72 | -510 ± 15 | 40 ± 5 |
Sn-3Zn-3Bi | -1034 ± 12 | 15.8 ± 1.3 | 7138 ± 85 | - | 40 ± 6 |
Sn-3Zn-5Bi | -1025 ± 16 | 13.4 ± 1.1 | 6009 ± 84 | -530 ± 20 | 75 ± 10 |
Sn-3Zn-7Bi | -1048 ± 13 | 8.7 ± 1.5 | 5821 ± 78 | -310 ± 30 | 55 ± 10 |
Fig. 3. Electrochemical impedance spectra of Sn-3Zn-xBi (x = 0, 1, 3, 5, and 7 wt%) alloys under the open circuit potential after 60 min immersion in 0.5 M NaCl solution: (a) Nyquist plots; (b) high frequency part of the Nyquist plots; (c) Bode Z plots (modulus vs f); (d) Bode phase plots (phase angle vs f).
Fig. 4. Equivalent circuits (ECs) for EIS data fitting of Sn-Zn-Bi alloys in 0.5 M NaCl solution: (a) Sn-3Zn-xBi (x = 0, 1, 3, and 5 wt%), and (b) Sn-3Zn-7Bi.
Alloy | Rs | R1 | CPE1 | n1 | Rct | CPEdl | n2 | Rw | χ2 (10-3) | Rt |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Sn-3Zn | 62 | 284 | 1.28 | 0.55 | 685 | 18.9 | 0.71 | - | 0.6 | 970 |
Sn-3Zn-1Bi | 33 | 92 | 2.37 | 0.61 | 92 | 386.2 | 0.90 | - | 0.6 | 184 |
Sn-3Zn-3Bi | 30 | 261 | 1.13 | 0.64 | 380 | 26.1 | 0.78 | - | 1.1 | 641 |
Sn-3Zn-5Bi | 58 | 540 | 55.61 | 0.72 | 639 | 16.2 | 0.83 | - | 1.3 | 1179 |
Sn-3Zn-7Bi | 19 | 174 | 2.90 | 0.31 | 911 | 12.5 | 0.93 | 1180 | 0.3 | 2265 |
Table 3 Equivalent circuit parameters obtained by fitting the experimental EIS results of Sn-3Zn-xBi (x = 0, 1, 3, 5, and 7 wt%) alloys in 0.5 M NaCl solution. The unit for resistance is Ω·cm2, the unit for CPE is 10-4 Ω-1 cm-2·sn.
Alloy | Rs | R1 | CPE1 | n1 | Rct | CPEdl | n2 | Rw | χ2 (10-3) | Rt |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Sn-3Zn | 62 | 284 | 1.28 | 0.55 | 685 | 18.9 | 0.71 | - | 0.6 | 970 |
Sn-3Zn-1Bi | 33 | 92 | 2.37 | 0.61 | 92 | 386.2 | 0.90 | - | 0.6 | 184 |
Sn-3Zn-3Bi | 30 | 261 | 1.13 | 0.64 | 380 | 26.1 | 0.78 | - | 1.1 | 641 |
Sn-3Zn-5Bi | 58 | 540 | 55.61 | 0.72 | 639 | 16.2 | 0.83 | - | 1.3 | 1179 |
Sn-3Zn-7Bi | 19 | 174 | 2.90 | 0.31 | 911 | 12.5 | 0.93 | 1180 | 0.3 | 2265 |
Fig. 6. XRD patterns for the (a) Sn-3Zn, (b) Sn-3Zn-1Bi, (c) Sn-3Zn-3Bi, (d) Sn-3Zn-5Bi, and (e) Sn-3Zn-7Bi alloys after polarization measurements in 0.5 M NaCl solution.
Fig. 7. SEM micrographs with different magnification of the Sn-3Zn alloy after polarization measurements in 0.5 M NaCl solution. The EDS result is corresponding to the spectrums in b, c, and d (S1, S2, and S3).
Fig. 8. SEM micrographs of (a) Sn-3Zn-1Bi alloy and (b) Sn-3Zn-5Bi after polarization measurement in 0.5 M NaCl solution, showing the β-Sn/Bi micro-galvanic couples, pits, and micro-cracks on the surfaces.
Fig. 9. SEM-BSE micrograph of the cross section and element mapping for Sn-3Zn-5Bi alloy after polarization measurements in 0.5 M NaCl solution, showing the pitting near Zn-rich precipitates.
Fig. 10. SEM-BSE micrograph of the cross section and element mapping for Sn-3Zn-5Bi alloy after polarization measurements in 0.5 M NaCl solution, showing the pitting near the Bi particles.
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