J. Mater. Sci. Technol. ›› 2018, Vol. 34 ›› Issue (2): 387-397.DOI: 10.1016/j.jmst.2017.03.004
Special Issue: Composites 2018
• Orginal Article • Previous Articles Next Articles
Belas Ahmed Khana, Haining Nab, Venkata Chevalia, Philip Warnerc, Jin Zhub, Hao Wanga()
Received:
2016-10-29
Revised:
2017-01-11
Accepted:
2017-02-24
Online:
2018-02-10
Published:
2018-02-10
Belas Ahmed Khan, Haining Na, Venkata Chevali, Philip Warner, Jin Zhu, Hao Wang. Glycidyl methacrylate-compatibilized poly(lactic acid)/hemp hurd biocomposites: Processing, crystallization, and thermo-mechanical response[J]. J. Mater. Sci. Technol., 2018, 34(2): 387-397.
Blend | PLA (wt%) | HH (wt%) | GMA (wt%) | TBPB (wt%) |
---|---|---|---|---|
PLA | 100.0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
HH-1$0/PLA | 90.0 | 10 | 0 | 0 |
HH-20/PLA | 80.0 | 20 | 0 | 0 |
HH-30/PLA | 70.0 | 30 | 0 | 0 |
HH-10/GMA-g-PLA | 88.5 | 10 | 1.0 | 0.5 |
HH-20/GMA-g-PLA | 78.5 | 20 | 1.0 | 0.5 |
HH-30/GMA-g-PLA | 68.5 | 30 | 1.0 | 0.5 |
Table 1 Composition of fabricated biocomposite blends.
Blend | PLA (wt%) | HH (wt%) | GMA (wt%) | TBPB (wt%) |
---|---|---|---|---|
PLA | 100.0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
HH-1$0/PLA | 90.0 | 10 | 0 | 0 |
HH-20/PLA | 80.0 | 20 | 0 | 0 |
HH-30/PLA | 70.0 | 30 | 0 | 0 |
HH-10/GMA-g-PLA | 88.5 | 10 | 1.0 | 0.5 |
HH-20/GMA-g-PLA | 78.5 | 20 | 1.0 | 0.5 |
HH-30/GMA-g-PLA | 68.5 | 30 | 1.0 | 0.5 |
Composition | Tg (°C) | Tc (°C) | Tm (°C) | ΔHcc (J/g) | ΔHf (J/g) | Χ (%) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
PLA | 62.6 | 114.7 | 170.3 | 17.4 | 29.6 | 13.1 |
HH-10/PLA | 61.5 | 106.0 | 168.0 | 4.4 | 31.7 | 32.6 |
HH-20/PLA | 61.0 | 102.0 | 166.0 | 2.1 | 25.7 | 31.8 |
HH-30/PLA | 58.6 | 104.0 | 168.0 | 0.2 | 22.6 | 34.5 |
GMA-g-PLA | 64.0 | 117.0 | 165.0 | 0.5 | 27.3 | 29.2 |
HH-20/GMA-g-PLA | 60.2 | 110.6 | 165.0 | 12.0 | 27.0 | 20.5 |
Table 2 Thermal characteristics of PLA and HH/PLA biocomposites.
Composition | Tg (°C) | Tc (°C) | Tm (°C) | ΔHcc (J/g) | ΔHf (J/g) | Χ (%) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
PLA | 62.6 | 114.7 | 170.3 | 17.4 | 29.6 | 13.1 |
HH-10/PLA | 61.5 | 106.0 | 168.0 | 4.4 | 31.7 | 32.6 |
HH-20/PLA | 61.0 | 102.0 | 166.0 | 2.1 | 25.7 | 31.8 |
HH-30/PLA | 58.6 | 104.0 | 168.0 | 0.2 | 22.6 | 34.5 |
GMA-g-PLA | 64.0 | 117.0 | 165.0 | 0.5 | 27.3 | 29.2 |
HH-20/GMA-g-PLA | 60.2 | 110.6 | 165.0 | 12.0 | 27.0 | 20.5 |
Fig. 8. Thermal stability of the neat PLA and biocomposites shown as (a, c) TGA, and (b, d) derivative TGA as a function of the filler content and GMA compatibilizer.
Specimen | T5 (°C) | T50 (°C) | Tmax (°C) | Residue (%) at 550 °C |
---|---|---|---|---|
PLA | 291 | 354 | 367 | 0.6 |
HH | 221 | 322 | 322 | 25.9 |
HH-20/PLA | 269 | 308 | 312 | 6.1 |
HH-20/GMA-g-PLA | 269 | 312 | 318 | 6.2 |
Table 3 Thermal stability characteristics determined from TGA.
Specimen | T5 (°C) | T50 (°C) | Tmax (°C) | Residue (%) at 550 °C |
---|---|---|---|---|
PLA | 291 | 354 | 367 | 0.6 |
HH | 221 | 322 | 322 | 25.9 |
HH-20/PLA | 269 | 308 | 312 | 6.1 |
HH-20/GMA-g-PLA | 269 | 312 | 318 | 6.2 |
Fig. 9. SEM images of flexural fracture surface of HH-20/PLA (a, b) and HH-20/GMA-g-PLA (c, d) biocomposites, showing key characteristics of the fracture surfaces.
Fig. 10. Tensile (a) modulus, (b) strength, and (c) elongation to failure of HH/PLA and HH/GMA-g-PLA biocomposite as a function of HH content, compared to neat PLA.
Fig. 11. Experimental tensile strength of the HH/PLA and HH/GMA-g-PLA biocomposites with the corresponding calculated B values shown along with the hyperbolic model.
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