Hydrophobic long alkyl chain organic cations induced 2D/3D heterojunction for efficient and stable perovskite solar cells

doi:10.1016/j.jmst.2022.01.031

Abstract

Abstract:

Designing post-formed two-dimensional (2D) perovskite on the surface of three-dimensional (3D) perovskite with matched energy levels and high stability is crucial for improving the performance and stability of perovskite solar cells (PSCs). Herein, a long alkyl chain dodecylammonium bromide (DABr) was applied to react with excessive lead iodide (PbI₂) on the grain boundary of metal halide perovskite preferentially, forming DA₂PbI₄ (n = 1) to constitute a clear 2D/3D heterojunction. The existence of heterojunction increases the intensity of the built-in electric field of the device to enhance carrier separation and extraction, and the amino group of dodecylammonium cation passivates defects, which jointly contribute to the improvement of the power conversion efficiency (PCE) from 20.35 to 21.81%. The long alkyl chain endows the 2D perovskite with good hydrophobic properties, improving the humidity and thermal stability of the device. The unencapsulated device can maintain 64% of its initial efficiency after 1065 h storage in ambient air.

Key words: Hydrophobic, 2D/3D perovskite, Heterojunction, Solar cell, Stability

Xiang He, Min Wang, Fengren Cao, Wei Tian, Liang Li. Hydrophobic long alkyl chain organic cations induced 2D/3D heterojunction for efficient and stable perovskite solar cells[J]. J. Mater. Sci. Technol., 2022, 124: 243-251.

Figures/Tables 5

Fig. 1. (a) Schematic diagram of the formation process for 2D/3D perovskite. (b) XRD spectra of perovskite film treated with different concentrations of DABr. (c) Enlarged XRD patterns of different samples at 3°-11°. (d) Steady-state PL spectra of perovskite film treated with different concentrations of DABr. Inset: Enlarged PL pattern of different samples between 450 and 600 nm. (e) Absorption spectra of perovskite film treated with different concentrations of DABr.

Fig. 2. (a) Corresponding cross-sectional SEM image of a 2D/3D PSC. (b) Corresponding energy band diagrams of the cell. The XPS spectra of Pb 4f orbital and I 3d orbital for (c) pristine and (d) 2D/3D samples. (e) KPFM images of pristine and 2D/3D samples. (The yellow bulb and the gray bulb represent the illumination conditions and the dark conditions, respectively.).

Fig. 3. (a) Mott-Schottky plots of the pristine and 2D/3D devices at 10 kHz. (b) Steady-state PL spectra and (c) TRPL decay spectra of pristine and 2D/3D perovskite films on SnO2/ITO substrate. (d) Voc of PSCs plotted against light intensity (dot lines), together with linear fits (solid lines). (e) Dark I-V characteristics of electron-only devices with an inset showing the structure of ITO/SnO2/perovskite/C60/Ag. (f) Nyquist plots of pristine and 2D/3D PSCs. The inset is the equivalent circuit diagram of the EIS test.

Fig. 4. (a) Reverse scan J-V curves of devices based on pristine and 2D/3D perovskite. (b) Statistic distribution of PCEs from 20 PSCs based on pristine and 2D/3D perovskite, respectively. (c) EQE spectra along with integrated Jsc of 2D/3D device. (d) Reverse scan J-V curves of devices without HTL based on pristine and 2D/3D perovskite.

Fig. 5. (a) Optical images of pristine and 2D/3D samples aging in an ambient condition with a relative humidity of 85% and temperature of 25 °C. UV-Vis absorption spectra evolution of (b) pristine and (c) 2D/3D perovskite films exposed to ambient air with a relative humidity of 85%. Inset: contact angle images of water droplets on surfaces of pristine and 2D/3D perovskite films. (d) Normalized PCE of PSCs with a relative humidity of 15% and temperature of 25 °C in ambient air. (e) Normalized PCE of PSCs under 85 °C in a nitrogen atmosphere.

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