Achieving work hardening by forming boundaries on the nanoscale in a Ti-based metallic glass matrix composite

doi:10.1016/j.jmst.2020.02.036

Abstract

Abstract:

Achieving work hardening in metallic glass matrix composites (MGMCs) is the key to the extensive use of these attractive materials in structural and functional applications. In this study, we investigated the formation of nanoscale boundaries resulted from the interaction between matrix and dendrites, which favors the work-hardening deformation in an in-situ Ti₄₁Zr₃₂Ni₆Ta₇Be₁₄ MGMC with β-Ti dendrites in a glassy matrix at room temperature. The microstructures of samples after tension were observed by high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM) and X-ray diffraction (XRD). The work-hardening mechanism of the present composites involves: (1) appearance of dense dislocation walls (DDWs), (2) proliferation of shear bands, (3) formation of boundaries on the nanoscale, and (4) interactions between hard and soft phases. A theoretical model combined with experimental data reveals the deformation mechanisms in the present work, proving that the in-situ dendrites with outstanding hardening ability in the glass matrix can provide the homogeneous deformation under tensile loading at room temperature.

Key words: Metallic glass matrix composites, Plastic deformation, Work hardening, Dense dislocation walls, Nanoscale boundaries

Jing Fan, Wei Rao, Junwei Qiao, P.K. Liaw, Daniel Şopu, Daniel Kiener, Jürgen Eckert, Guozheng Kang, Yucheng Wu. Achieving work hardening by forming boundaries on the nanoscale in a Ti-based metallic glass matrix composite[J]. J. Mater. Sci. Technol., 2020, 50: 192-203.

Figures/Tables 16

Fig. 1. SEM image of the as-cast composite.

Table 1 Contents of different elements in the present Ti-based MGMCs (in at.%).

Zone	Ti	Zr	Ni	Ta	Be
Composite	41	32	6	7	14
Matrix	34.8 ± 0.2	47.2 ± 2.1	12.4 ± 1.8	5.6 ± 0.2	-
Dendrites	47.2 ± 0.5	34.8 ± 2.0	4.0 ± 1.7	14.0 ± 0.4	-

Fig. 2. TEM images of the as-cast sample: (a) bright-field TEM image, selected-area electron diffraction (SAED) patterns of the dendrites and the matrix are presented in (b) and (c), respectively, (d) the HRTEM image of the interface.

Fig. 3. XRD patterns of the composite before and after tensile deformation.

Fig. 4. True stress-true strain curve of the composite (a), the work-hardening rate curve is shown in the inset. (b) SEM images of a sample after fracture.

Fig. 5. TEM images of a sample after fracture: (a) bright-field image, (b) dark-field image, (c) HRTEM image of the interface, (d) a shear band in the matrix, (e) and (f) HRTEM images of the dendrites.

Fig. 6. DIC images of the deformed composite: (a) the strain distribution with time, (b) the corresponding temporal strain curve.

Table 2 Material parameters used for the FEM model of the current MGMCs.

Matrix		Em (GPa)			νm		α	ξ0		χ			v* (??)			T (k)			t0-1 (s-1)			τ0 (MPa)
		109.3			0.33		0.8	0.0465		1.25			20			300			324			414
Dendrites	Ed (GPa)		νd	M1,3		M2	b (nm)	α	dp (μm)		ψ	ε˙0 (s-1)		k20	n		NB	ξ (nm)		m0	σy1,2 (MPa)		σy3 (MPa)
	67		0.36	1.0		2.4	0.256	0.33	2.5		0.2	1		18.5	12.5		45	35		10	900		1200

Fig. 7. True stress-true strain curves obtained by the experiment and FEM, respectively.

Fig. 8. FEM results obtained at the strain of 3% and 7%: (a) and (d) the evolution of free volumes within the glassy matrix, (b) and (e) the dislocation density in the dendrites, (c) and (f) the local stress distribution.

Fig. 9. FEM analysis for another two dendrites: (a) stress-strain curves of different dendrites, (b) stress-strain curves of MGMCs with the corresponding dendrites in (a).

Fig. 10. Evolution of free volumes in the glassy matrix, dislocation density in the dendrites, and local stress distribution at the strain of 5% for three MGMCs: (a), (b), and (c) MGMC 1, (d), (e) and (f) MGMC 2, (g), (h), and (i) MGMC 3.

Fig. 11. Calculated true stress-true strain curves of MGMCs with different dislocation densities in the dendrites as obtained by FEM, the inset corresponds to work-hardening curves.

Fig. 12. Free volume density and maps of strain contours of the MGMCs with different defect densities in the dendrites at a true strain of 5%: (a), (b) and (c) 1 × 107/m2, (d), (e) and (f) 5 × 1014/m2, (g), (h) and (i) 1.5 × 1015/m2.

Table 3 Hardness of the glass matrix and the dendrites before and after tensile testing measured by nanoindentation.

Type of specimen	Matrix (GPa)	Dendrites (GPa)
As-cast	6.96 ± 0.21	4.58 ± 0.45
Deformed	6.18 ± 0.13	6.22 ± 0.27

Fig. 13. Ratios of the hardness of the dendrites (Hd) and the matrix (Hm) for different MGMCs.

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