Inhibited shuttle effect by functional separator for room-temperature sodium-sulfur batteries

doi:10.1016/j.jmst.2021.10.027

Abstract

Abstract:

According to a statistic, approximately 6 trillion cigarettes are smoked each year all over the world, which produces approximately 1.2 million tons of discarded cigarette butts. The discarded cigarette filters are non-biodegradable, thus they produce a mass of waste disposal and cause environmental pollution issue. For the purpose of transforming waste into wealth and reducing environmental pollution, nitrogen and sulfur co-doped carbon nanofiber/carbon black (N,S-CNF/CB) composite derived from the discarded cigarette filters is employed to modify glass fiber (GF) separator for the first time in this study. N,S-CNF improves binding ability towards sodium polysulfides (SPSs) by chemisorption. Non-polar CB limits the dissolution of SPSs in the liquid electrolyte by physisorption. The experiment and density functional theory calculation results indicate that a RT-Na/S battery with a N,S-CNF/CB+GF separator exhibits good cycling stability and rate performance. After 100 cycles at a low current rate of 0.1 C, a RT-Na/S battery with a sulfur mass fraction of 71% delivers a discharge capacity of 703 mAh g^{- 1}. In addition, at a high current rate of 0.5 C, a discharge capacity of 527 mAh g^{- 1} is still maintained after 900 cycles with a very low capacity fading rate of 0.035% per cycle.

Key words: Shuttle effect, Density functional theory, Functional separator, Nitrogen and sulfur co-doping, Room-temperature sodium-sulfur batteries

Chunwei Dong, Hongyu Zhou, Hui Liu, Bo Jin, Zi Wen, Xingyou Lang, Jianchen Li, Jaekwang Kim, Qing Jiang. Inhibited shuttle effect by functional separator for room-temperature sodium-sulfur batteries[J]. J. Mater. Sci. Technol., 2022, 113: 207-216.

Figures/Tables 6

Fig. 1. Fabrication process schematic of N,S-CNF.

Fig. 2. (a) XRD patterns of sublimed S, N,S-CNF, and CB/S. (b) Raman spectra of CB/S, CB, and N,S-CNF. (c) XPS survey spectrum of N,S-CNF, and the inset is the enlarged part of S 2p in the range of 200-120 eV. High-resolution XPS spectra of (d) C 1 s, (e) N 1 s, and (f) S 2p.

Fig. 3. (a, b) FESEM images of N,S-CNF/CB with different magnifications. (c) HRTEM image of N,S-CNF/CB. (d) STEM image of N,S-CNF/CB; The corresponding EDS elemental mappings of (e) C, (f) S, and (g) N.

Fig. 4. (a) CV curves of a RT-Na/S battery with a N,S-CNF/CB+GF separator at a scan rate of 0.1 mV s- 1. (b) Discharge/charge curves of a RT-Na/S battery with a N,S-CNF/CB+GF separator at a low current rate of 0.1 C in the 1st, 10th, 50th, and 100th cycles. (c) Cycling performance at a low current rate of 0.1 C and (d) rate capability of RT-Na/S batteries with GF, CB+GF, and N,S-CNF/CB+GF separators. (e) Long-term cycling stability and Coulombic efficiency (CE) of a RT-Na/S battery with a N,S-CNF/CB+GF separator at a high current rate of 0.5 C.

Fig. 5. (a) UV-vis adsorption spectra of Na2S6 solutions before and after the addition of CB or N,S-CNF/CB (Ⅰ: Na2S6, Ⅱ: Na2S6—CB, Ⅲ: Na2S6—N,S-CNF/CB); Inset: digital photographs of the corresponding Na2S6, Na2S6—CB, and Na2S6—N,S-CNF/CB solutions. (b) Adsorption configuration for Na2S6 on a N,S-CNF surface. (c) Polysulfide permeation tests for N,S-CNF/CB+GF and GF separators.

Fig. 6. Optimized structures of Na2S6 on (a) G, (b) DN,S-G, (c) GN,S-G, and (d) RN,S-G. Adsorption energies are also shown. Gray: C, blue: N, yellow: S, and purple: Na.

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