Planar Li growth on Li21Si5 modified Li metal for the stabilization of anode

doi:10.1016/j.jmst.2020.11.003

Abstract

Abstract:

Lithium (Li) metal is widely considered the ultimate anode for future rechargeable batteries. However, dendritic growth and related parasitic reactions during long-term cycling often lead to severe safety hazards and catastrophic failure. Herein, we fabricate a hybrid anode by coating single-phase Li₂₁Si₅ on lithium metal. The resultant electrodes show a stable cycle and depressed polarization in symmetric and half cells. A planar plating/stripping behavior is observed on the modified anode. The investigation of the interplay of Li and Li₂₁Si₅ shows a relatively large adsorption energy in the Li-Si system. The deposition and stripping are surface processes, and Li21Si5 maintains its intrinsic phase structure. The deposited Li layer around Li₂₁Si₅ also has the advantage of diminished preferred orientation, which also contributes to the planar growth of Li. Both LiFePO4 (LFP) and LiNi_1/3Co_1/3Mn_1/3O₂ (NCM) cathodes were applied to further demonstrate the enhanced rate and cycle performance.

Key words: Lithium anode, Planar growth, Density functional theory, Core-shell structure, Adsorption energy

Liuyang Cao, Xue Cheng, Hongjie Xu, Guoqin Cao, Junhua Hu, Guosheng Shao. Planar Li growth on Li₂₁Si₅ modified Li metal for the stabilization of anode[J]. J. Mater. Sci. Technol., 2021, 76: 156-165.

Figures/Tables 10

Fig. 1. (a) Adsorption energy of Si and silicides with a Li atom. (b) Difference charge density in Li-Li21Si5. (c) XRD pattern and (d) SEM image of the synthesized Li21Si5.

Fig. 2. (a) Schematic illustration of the hybrid anode. (b) SEM image of the surface (top view) of the pristine Li metal electrode. (c) SEM image and (d) EDS Si-mapping of the cross-section of Li21Si5 on Li (selected area by rectangle); (e) SEM image of the surface (top view) of the modified lithium electrode by Li21Si5.

Fig. 3. Electrochemical analysis of the Li21Si5-modified lithium electrode. (a) Nucleation overpotential on pristine Li and LRS-modified Li plates at 0.05 mA cm-2. (b) Impedance spectra of symmetric cells and half-cells with modified lithium and pristine lithium electrodes. (c) Comparison of wettability of modified electrode and lithium metal with electrolyte. (d) Comparison of the voltage hysteresis of the Li plating/stripping process for hybrid and pristine Li electrodes under various current rates.

Fig. 4. In situ optical microscopy observations of lithium electrochemical deposition. Capacity-sequenced optical microscopy images of the electrode surface during electrodeposition on (a) pristine and (b) modified Li electrodes at a current density of 5 mA cm-2. The images are false colored for greater clarity. The morphology comparison is also shown in Fig. S4.

Fig. 5. SEM images of the surface of the lithium electrode after deposition of 1 mA h cm-2 with an areal current density of 5 mA cm-2. (a) Pristine and (b) modified Li electrodes. Magnified SEM images of the surface of the (c) pristine and (d) modified Li electrodes. SEM images of (e) pristine and (f) modified lithium electrodes at the end of the 100th cycles of dissolution of Li. The inset in (f) shows the result of EDS Si elemental mapping on the electrode. The SEM images in (a-d) are false colored for greater clarity. The original images are shown in Figs. S3 and S4.

Fig. 6. Cycling stability of LRS-modified Li electrodes in symmetrical cells at (a) 1 mA cm-2 and (b) 6 mA cm-2.

Fig. 7. (a) Cyclic voltammogram for symmetric cells with Li21Si5 hybrid electrodes scanned at 1 mV s-1, for the first and second cycles. (b) Comparison of cyclic voltammograms for symmetric cells containing Li21Si5 hybrid Li and pristine Li electrodes scanned at 1 mV s-1. (c) XRD pattern of Li21Si5 modified Li electrodes at the end of deposition and dissolution of Li. The current density is 1 mA cm-2, and the capacity is fixed at 1 mA h cm-2. (d) The net peak intensity ratio K of (110)/(200) and (110)/(211). The XRD data are from (c, lithiation) and Fig. S9 (pristine Li foil).

Fig. 8. XPS spectra of SEI on the surface LRS. The LRS@Li|Li cell was cycled for 10 cycles at 0.5 mA cm-2: (a) C 1s, (b) O 1s and (c) Si 2p spectra.

Fig. 9. Battery demonstration of the LRS modified Li anode. (a) Comparison of the cycling performance and coulombic efficiency of pristine and Li21Si5 hybrid electrodes versus LFP, operating from 2.0 to 4.2 V at 1 C. (b) Charge-discharge profiles of the cells with the LFP cathode at the 400th cycle. (c) Comparison of the rate capability of pristine and hybrid electrodes versus LFP operated from 2.0 to 4.2 V.

Fig. 10. Battery demonstration of the LRS modified Li anode. (a) Comparison of the cycling performance and coulombic efficiency of pristine and Li21Si5 hybrid electrodes versus NCM with 8.9 mg cm-2 area loading, operating from 3 to 4.2 V at 1 C. (b) Charge-discharge profiles of the cells with the NCM cathode at the 140th cycle.

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Planar Li growth on Li₂₁Si₅ modified Li metal for the stabilization of anode

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