J. Mater. Sci. Technol. ›› 2022, Vol. 102: 105-114.DOI: 10.1016/j.jmst.2021.06.033
• Research Article • Previous Articles Next Articles
Shucai Zhanga, Jiangtao Yua, Huabing Lia,*(
), Zhouhua Jianga,*(), Yifeng Gengb, Hao Fenga, Binbin Zhanga, Hongchun Zhua
Received:2021-05-09
Revised:2021-05-29
Accepted:2021-06-14
Published:2021-08-27
Online:2021-08-27
Contact:
Huabing Li,Zhouhua Jiang
About author:jiangzh@smm.neu.edu.cn (Z. Jiang).1These authors contributed equally to this work.
Shucai Zhang, Jiangtao Yu, Huabing Li, Zhouhua Jiang, Yifeng Geng, Hao Feng, Binbin Zhang, Hongchun Zhu. Refinement mechanism of cerium addition on solidification structure and sigma phase of super austenitic stainless steel S32654[J]. J. Mater. Sci. Technol., 2022, 102: 105-114.
| Steel | C | Si | Mn | P | S | Cr | Ni | Mo | Cu | N | Ce | Fe |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Ce0 | 0.012 | 0.38 | 2.93 | 0.005 | 0.0041 | 24.45 | 22.53 | 7.32 | 0.47 | 0.50 | - | bal. |
| Ce0.035 | 0.013 | 0.37 | 2.96 | 0.005 | 0.0020 | 24.47 | 22.51 | 7.34 | 0.48 | 0.50 | 0.035 | bal. |
| Ce0.089 | 0.012 | 0.40 | 2.95 | 0.005 | 0.0019 | 24.46 | 22.54 | 7.35 | 0.47 | 0.50 | 0.089 | bal. |
Table 1 Chemical compositions (wt.%) of these three S32654 ingots used in this study.
| Steel | C | Si | Mn | P | S | Cr | Ni | Mo | Cu | N | Ce | Fe |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Ce0 | 0.012 | 0.38 | 2.93 | 0.005 | 0.0041 | 24.45 | 22.53 | 7.32 | 0.47 | 0.50 | - | bal. |
| Ce0.035 | 0.013 | 0.37 | 2.96 | 0.005 | 0.0020 | 24.47 | 22.51 | 7.34 | 0.48 | 0.50 | 0.035 | bal. |
| Ce0.089 | 0.012 | 0.40 | 2.95 | 0.005 | 0.0019 | 24.46 | 22.54 | 7.35 | 0.47 | 0.50 | 0.089 | bal. |
Fig. 1. EDS analysis results of typical inclusions in S32654 ingots: (a)(b) Ce0; (c)(d) Ce0.035; (e)(f) Ce0.089.
Fig. 2. Influence of Ce on the characteristics of inclusions in S32654 ingots: (a) the size distribution of the inclusions; (b) the average size (d) and number density (NA) of the inclusions.
Fig. 3. ODM micrographs of typical dendrite structures at the center of S32654 ingots: (a) Ce0; (b) Ce0.035; (c) Ce0.089; (d) the variation of average secondary dendrite arm spacing (SDAS) with Ce content.
Fig. 4. SEM micrographs of typical precipitates and EDS mapping of Mo: (a)(b) Ce0; (c)(d) Ce0.035; (e)(f) Ce0.089.
| Steel | Cr | Mo | Ni | Mn | Fe |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Ce0 | 27.97 | 24.38 | 14.31 | 3.33 | 30.01 |
| Ce0.035 | 28.24 | 24.29 | 13.96 | 3.34 | 30.17 |
| Ce0.089 | 28.94 | 23.34 | 13.88 | 3.37 | 30.46 |
Table 2 Elemental compositions (wt.%) of σ phases formed in the three S32654 ingots.
| Steel | Cr | Mo | Ni | Mn | Fe |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Ce0 | 27.97 | 24.38 | 14.31 | 3.33 | 30.01 |
| Ce0.035 | 28.24 | 24.29 | 13.96 | 3.34 | 30.17 |
| Ce0.089 | 28.94 | 23.34 | 13.88 | 3.37 | 30.46 |
Fig. 5. Segregation of Mo in the three S32654 ingots.
Fig. 6. Variation of the equivalent diameter (d) and number density (NA) of σ phase with Ce content.
Fig. 7. Microstructures of σ phase precipitated in the three S32654 ingots: (a) Ce0; (b) Ce0.035; (c) Ce0.089.
| Phase | Lattice constant (nm) [ | Matching planes | Matching directions | Interatomic spacing (nm) | θ (°) | δ (%) | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| [uvw]s | [uvw]n | d[uvw]s | d[uvw]n | |||||
| Austenite | a=0.362 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
| MgO | a=0.422 | (111)MgO//(111)γ-Fe | $\left[ \bar{1}10 \right]$ | $\left[ \bar{1}10 \right]$ | 0.422 | 0.362 | 0 | 16.69 |
| $\left[ \bar{1}01 \right]$ | $\left[ \bar{1}01 \right]$ | 0.422 | 0.362 | 0 | ||||
| $\left[ \bar{2}11 \right]$ | $\left[ \bar{2}11 \right]$ | 0.731 | 0.627 | 0 | ||||
| Ce2O3 | a=0.389 c=0.606 | $\left( 1\bar{1}00 \right)$Ce2O3//(111)γ-Fe | $\left[ 11\bar{2}0 \right]$ | $\left[ \bar{1}10 \right]$ | 0.389 | 0.362 | 0 | 3.83 |
| [ | $\left[ \bar{1}\bar{1}2 \right]$ | 0.606 | 0.627 | 0 | ||||
| $\left[ 11\bar{2}3 \right]$ | $\left[ \bar{1}12 \right]$ | 0.720 | 0.724 | 2.70 | ||||
| Ce2O2S | a=0.398 c=0.688 | $\left( 1\bar{1}00 \right)$Ce2O2S//(100)γ-Fe | $\left[ 11\bar{2}0 \right]$ | $\left[ \bar{1}10 \right]$ | 0.398 | 0.362 | 0 | 5.61 |
| [0001] | $\left[ \bar{2}\bar{2}0 \right]$ | 0.688 | 0.724 | 0 | ||||
| $\left[ 11\bar{2}3 \right]$ | $\left[ \bar{2}\bar{1}0 \right]$ | 0.795 | 0.809 | 3.48 | ||||
Table 3 Lattice disregistries between inclusions and austenite.
| Phase | Lattice constant (nm) [ | Matching planes | Matching directions | Interatomic spacing (nm) | θ (°) | δ (%) | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| [uvw]s | [uvw]n | d[uvw]s | d[uvw]n | |||||
| Austenite | a=0.362 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
| MgO | a=0.422 | (111)MgO//(111)γ-Fe | $\left[ \bar{1}10 \right]$ | $\left[ \bar{1}10 \right]$ | 0.422 | 0.362 | 0 | 16.69 |
| $\left[ \bar{1}01 \right]$ | $\left[ \bar{1}01 \right]$ | 0.422 | 0.362 | 0 | ||||
| $\left[ \bar{2}11 \right]$ | $\left[ \bar{2}11 \right]$ | 0.731 | 0.627 | 0 | ||||
| Ce2O3 | a=0.389 c=0.606 | $\left( 1\bar{1}00 \right)$Ce2O3//(111)γ-Fe | $\left[ 11\bar{2}0 \right]$ | $\left[ \bar{1}10 \right]$ | 0.389 | 0.362 | 0 | 3.83 |
| [ | $\left[ \bar{1}\bar{1}2 \right]$ | 0.606 | 0.627 | 0 | ||||
| $\left[ 11\bar{2}3 \right]$ | $\left[ \bar{1}12 \right]$ | 0.720 | 0.724 | 2.70 | ||||
| Ce2O2S | a=0.398 c=0.688 | $\left( 1\bar{1}00 \right)$Ce2O2S//(100)γ-Fe | $\left[ 11\bar{2}0 \right]$ | $\left[ \bar{1}10 \right]$ | 0.398 | 0.362 | 0 | 5.61 |
| [0001] | $\left[ \bar{2}\bar{2}0 \right]$ | 0.688 | 0.724 | 0 | ||||
| $\left[ 11\bar{2}3 \right]$ | $\left[ \bar{2}\bar{1}0 \right]$ | 0.795 | 0.809 | 3.48 | ||||
Fig. 8. (a) Effective inclusion density in the three S32654 ingots; (b) relationship between the effective inclusion density and the secondary dendrite spacing (SDAS).
Fig. 9. Compositional undercooling degree of the three S32654 steels.
| Parameter | Cr | Mn | Ni | Mo | Ce | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| C0i(wt.%) | 24.5 | 3.0 | 22.5 | 7.3 | 0.035 | 0.089 |
| mi(°C/wt.%) | -6.75 | -2.11 | -5.94 | -1.88 | -11.79 | -11.79 |
| ki | 0.87 | 0.34 | 1.05 | 0.58 | 0.011 | 0.011 |
Table 4 Parameters of different elements used for the calculation of ΔTmax.
| Parameter | Cr | Mn | Ni | Mo | Ce | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| C0i(wt.%) | 24.5 | 3.0 | 22.5 | 7.3 | 0.035 | 0.089 |
| mi(°C/wt.%) | -6.75 | -2.11 | -5.94 | -1.88 | -11.79 | -11.79 |
| ki | 0.87 | 0.34 | 1.05 | 0.58 | 0.011 | 0.011 |
| Phase | Lattice constant (nm) [[ | Matching planes | Matching directions | Interatomic spacing (nm) | θ (°) | δ (%) | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| [uvw]s | [uvw]n | d[uvw]s | d[uvw]n | |||||
| σ | a=0.880 c=0.454 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
| MgO | a=0.422 | (100)MgO//(110)σ | [ | $\left[ \bar{1}01 \right]$ | 0.844 | 1.245 | 0 | 22.82 |
| [ | $\left[ 0\bar{1}0 \right]$ | 0.422 | 0.454 | 0 | ||||
| [ | $\left[ \bar{1}\bar{1}1 \right]$ | 0.944 | 1.325 | 6.52 | ||||
| Ce2O3 | a=0.389 c=0.606 | $\left( \bar{2}1\bar{1}0 \right)$Ce2O3//(111)σ | $\left[ \bar{1}211 \right]$ | $\left[ \bar{1}10 \right]$ | 1.212 | 1.245 | 0 | 5.00 |
| [ | $\left[ \bar{1}01 \right]$ | 0.906 | 0.990 | 3.03 | ||||
| $\left[ \bar{1}013 \right]$ | $\left[ \bar{2}11 \right]$ | 1.939 | 2.019 | 2.08 | ||||
| Ce2O2S | a=0.398 c=0.688 | $\left( 1\bar{1}00 \right)$Ce2O2S//(110)σ | $\left[ \bar{1}2\bar{1}0 \right]$ | [ | 0.398 | 0.457 | 0 | 10.10 |
| $\left[ \bar{1}2\bar{1}3 \right]$ | $\left[ 1\bar{1}1 \right]$ | 1.432 | 1.331 | 3.95 | ||||
| [ | $\left[ 1\bar{1}0 \right]$ | 1.376 | 1.25 | 0 | ||||
Table 5 Lattice disregistries between inclusions and σ phase.
| Phase | Lattice constant (nm) [[ | Matching planes | Matching directions | Interatomic spacing (nm) | θ (°) | δ (%) | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| [uvw]s | [uvw]n | d[uvw]s | d[uvw]n | |||||
| σ | a=0.880 c=0.454 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
| MgO | a=0.422 | (100)MgO//(110)σ | [ | $\left[ \bar{1}01 \right]$ | 0.844 | 1.245 | 0 | 22.82 |
| [ | $\left[ 0\bar{1}0 \right]$ | 0.422 | 0.454 | 0 | ||||
| [ | $\left[ \bar{1}\bar{1}1 \right]$ | 0.944 | 1.325 | 6.52 | ||||
| Ce2O3 | a=0.389 c=0.606 | $\left( \bar{2}1\bar{1}0 \right)$Ce2O3//(111)σ | $\left[ \bar{1}211 \right]$ | $\left[ \bar{1}10 \right]$ | 1.212 | 1.245 | 0 | 5.00 |
| [ | $\left[ \bar{1}01 \right]$ | 0.906 | 0.990 | 3.03 | ||||
| $\left[ \bar{1}013 \right]$ | $\left[ \bar{2}11 \right]$ | 1.939 | 2.019 | 2.08 | ||||
| Ce2O2S | a=0.398 c=0.688 | $\left( 1\bar{1}00 \right)$Ce2O2S//(110)σ | $\left[ \bar{1}2\bar{1}0 \right]$ | [ | 0.398 | 0.457 | 0 | 10.10 |
| $\left[ \bar{1}2\bar{1}3 \right]$ | $\left[ 1\bar{1}1 \right]$ | 1.432 | 1.331 | 3.95 | ||||
| [ | $\left[ 1\bar{1}0 \right]$ | 1.376 | 1.25 | 0 | ||||
Fig. 10. Effect of 0.1% Ce addition on the phase diagram of S32654: (a) Cr segregation; (b) Mo segregation.
Fig. 11. Effect of Ce content on the elemental activity in S32654: (a) Cr activity; (b) Mo activity.
Fig. 12. Schematic diagram of refinement mechanism of Ce addition on the solidification structure and σ phase in S32654: (a)-(d) S32654; (e)-(h) S32654-Ce.
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