J. Mater. Sci. Technol. ›› 2021, Vol. 87: 74-82.DOI: 10.1016/j.jmst.2021.01.044
• Research Article • Previous Articles Next Articles
Yaoxiang Duana, Han Chena,*(
), Zhe Chena,*(), Lei Wangb, Mingliang Wangb, Jun Liub, Fengguo Zhangb, Haowei Wanga
Received:2020-11-23
Revised:2021-01-07
Accepted:2021-01-18
Published:2021-10-10
Online:2021-03-11
Contact:
Han Chen,Zhe Chen
About author:zhe.chen@sjtu.edu.cn (Z. Chen).Yaoxiang Duan, Han Chen, Zhe Chen, Lei Wang, Mingliang Wang, Jun Liu, Fengguo Zhang, Haowei Wang. The influence of nanosized precipitates on Portevin-Le Chatelier bands and surface roughness in AlMgScZr alloy[J]. J. Mater. Sci. Technol., 2021, 87: 74-82.
Fig. 1. Images of the extensometer: (a) the extensometer is opening; (b) the extensometer is closing; (c) schematic illustration of the tensile specimen.
Fig. 2. Characterization on small Al3(Sc1-xZrx) precipitates of AlMgScZr-623 K/3 h sample: (a) bright-TEM image; (b) HRTEM image of a small Al3(Sc1-xZrx) precipitate; (c) and (d) the corresponding IFFT images of (b). The inset in (a) is the SAED of the precipitates. [001] Al and [001] P refer to the [001] zone axis of aluminum matrix and precipitates. The dashed circles in (b), (c) and (d) represent an overlap of precipitate and aluminum matrix. No misfit dislocations are observed, indicating a fully coherent interface. The orientation relationship of Al matrix and Al3(Sc1-xZrx) precipitates is [001] Al // [001] P, (200) Al // (200) P for both two samples (Al is the aluminum matrix; P is precipitate).
Fig. 3. Characterization on large Al3(Sc1-xZrx) precipitates of AlMgScZr-813 K/24 h sample: (a) bright-TEM image; (b) HRTEM image of a large Al3(Sc1-xZrx) precipitate; (c) and (d) the corresponding IFFT images of (b). The inset in (a) is the SAED of the precipitates. [001] Al and [001] P refer to the [001] zone axis of aluminum matrix and precipitates. The dashed circles in (b), (c) and (d) represent an overlap of precipitate and aluminum matrix. Lots of misfit dislocations are observed, indicating a fully semi-coherent interface. The orientation relationship of Al matrix and Al3(Sc1-xZrx) precipitates is [001] Al // [001] P, (200) Al // (200) P for both two samples (Al is the aluminum matrix; P is precipitate).
| Sample | Average radius (nm) | Volume fraction (%) | Average precipitates spacing (nm) |
|---|---|---|---|
| AlMg | — | — | — |
| AlMgScZr-623 K/3 h | 2.5 ± 0.68 | 0.46 | 49.25 |
| AlMgScZr-813 K/24 h | 22.6 ± 4.91 | 0.40 | 480.10 |
Table 1 Average radius, volume fraction and inter-distance of Al3(Sc1-xZrx) precipitates for AlMgScZr-623 K/3 h and AlMgScZr-813 K/24 h samples [29].
| Sample | Average radius (nm) | Volume fraction (%) | Average precipitates spacing (nm) |
|---|---|---|---|
| AlMg | — | — | — |
| AlMgScZr-623 K/3 h | 2.5 ± 0.68 | 0.46 | 49.25 |
| AlMgScZr-813 K/24 h | 22.6 ± 4.91 | 0.40 | 480.10 |
Fig. 4. EBSD misorientation maps for alloys: (a) AlMg sample; (b) AlMgScZr-623 K/3 h sample; (c) AlMgScZr-813 K/24 h sample. The insets are corresponding equiaxed grain size distribution histogram. ED is the extrusion direction.
Fig. 5. (a) Engineering stress-strain curves of AlMg and two AlMgScZr alloys in a strain rate of 0.05 s-1 at 298 K; (b) the enlarged view of the dotted rectangle in (a); (c) the stress-time (black) and strain-time (orange) results of steps in (b); (d) mean stress amplitude and step number versus mean radius of Al3(Sc1-xZrx) precipitates for AlMg and two AlMgScZr alloys. The AlMg alloy does not have precipitates, and its mean precipitate radius is zero.
Fig. 6. Representative surface topography images for AlMg specimens after 12% tensile strain: (a) optical microscopic (OM) image; (b) two-dimensional (2D) image; (c) three-dimensional (3D) image. The two AlMgScZr alloys exhibit similar surface topography images. For simplicity, the images for these two samples are not shown here. ED is the extrusion direction.
| Samples | Sa (μm) | Ra (μm) |
|---|---|---|
| AlMg | 0.875 ± 0.215 | 0.369 ± 0.093 |
| AlMgScZr-623 K/3 h | 0.645 ± 0.149 | 0.261 ± 0.049 |
| AlMgScZr-813 K/24 h | 0.783 ± 0.194 | 0.283 ± 0.059 |
Table 2 Mean surface roughness Sa and line roughness Ra of AlMg and two AlMgScZr alloys after 12% tensile strain.
| Samples | Sa (μm) | Ra (μm) |
|---|---|---|
| AlMg | 0.875 ± 0.215 | 0.369 ± 0.093 |
| AlMgScZr-623 K/3 h | 0.645 ± 0.149 | 0.261 ± 0.049 |
| AlMgScZr-813 K/24 h | 0.783 ± 0.194 | 0.283 ± 0.059 |
| Parameter | Significance | Value | Origin |
|---|---|---|---|
| b | Burgers vector | 0.286 nm | - |
| M | Taylor factor | 3.06 | [ |
| R | Average radius of precipitates | Seen Table 1 | This study |
| f | Volume fraction of precipitates | Seen Table 1 | This study |
| λp | Precipitate spacing | Seen Table 1 | This study |
| GAl | Shear modulus of aluminum | 25.4 GPa | [ |
| GP | Shear modulus of precipitate | 67.6 GPa | [ |
| ΔG | GP - GAl | 42.2 GPa | [ |
| νAl | Poisson’s ratio of aluminum | 0.345 | [ |
| δ | Lattice parameter mismatch | 0.0125 | [ |
| ε | Constrained lattice parameter mismatch | 0.0083 | [ |
| γAPB | Antiphase boundary free energy for (111) plane of Al3Sc | 0.5 J m-2 | [[ |
| m | A constant | 0.85 | [ |
| χ | A constant | 2.6 | [ |
| $\bar{R}$ | Mean planer radius of a circular cross-section in a random plane for spherical precipitates | $\sqrt{\frac{2}{3}}R$ | [ |
Table 3 Summary of the parameters used for calculating strengthening increments.
| Parameter | Significance | Value | Origin |
|---|---|---|---|
| b | Burgers vector | 0.286 nm | - |
| M | Taylor factor | 3.06 | [ |
| R | Average radius of precipitates | Seen Table 1 | This study |
| f | Volume fraction of precipitates | Seen Table 1 | This study |
| λp | Precipitate spacing | Seen Table 1 | This study |
| GAl | Shear modulus of aluminum | 25.4 GPa | [ |
| GP | Shear modulus of precipitate | 67.6 GPa | [ |
| ΔG | GP - GAl | 42.2 GPa | [ |
| νAl | Poisson’s ratio of aluminum | 0.345 | [ |
| δ | Lattice parameter mismatch | 0.0125 | [ |
| ε | Constrained lattice parameter mismatch | 0.0083 | [ |
| γAPB | Antiphase boundary free energy for (111) plane of Al3Sc | 0.5 J m-2 | [[ |
| m | A constant | 0.85 | [ |
| χ | A constant | 2.6 | [ |
| $\bar{R}$ | Mean planer radius of a circular cross-section in a random plane for spherical precipitates | $\sqrt{\frac{2}{3}}R$ | [ |
Fig. 7. Variations of strength increments versus mean precipitate radius and their comparison with experimental results for two AlMgScZr alloys. The solid line is the minimum value of Δσms+Δσcs, Δσos and Δσor which represents the theoretical strength increment. The symbols are experimental tensile results obtained from AlMgScZr-623 K/3 h and AlMgScZr-813 K/24 h samples.
| Samples | AlMg | AlMgScZr-623 K/3 h | AlMgScZr-813 K/ 24 h |
|---|---|---|---|
| Waiting time (%) | 0.121 ± 0.074 | 0.359 ± 0.282 | 0.189 ± 0.137 |
Table 4 Average waiting time of AlMg and two AlMgScZr samples. The average waiting time represents the average value of waiting time during the whole process of tension.
| Samples | AlMg | AlMgScZr-623 K/3 h | AlMgScZr-813 K/ 24 h |
|---|---|---|---|
| Waiting time (%) | 0.121 ± 0.074 | 0.359 ± 0.282 | 0.189 ± 0.137 |
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