Mechanical Properties and Interfacial Interaction of Modified Calcium Sulfate Whisker/Poly(Vinyl Chloride) Composites

doi:10.1016/j.jmst.2016.05.016

Abstract

Abstract:

Calcium sulfate whiskers (CSWs) modified with glutaraldehyde-crosslinked poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) or traditional surface modifiers, including silane coupling agent, titanate coupling agent and stearic acid, were used to strengthen poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC), and the morphologies, mechanical and heat resistant properties of the resulting composites were compared. The results clearly show that glutaraldehyde cross-linked PVA modified CSW/PVC composite (cPVA@CSW/PVC) has the strongest interfacial interaction, good and stable mechanical and heat resistant properties. Nielsen's modified Kerner's equation for Young's modulus is better than other models examined for the CSW/PVC composites. The half debonding angle θ of cPVA@CSW/PVC composite is lower than that of other composites except silane coupling agent modified CSW/PVC composites, indicating a very strong interfacial adhesion between cPVA@CSW and PVC. In general, cross-linked PVA is effective and environmentally friendly in modifying inorganic fillers.

Key words: Poly(vinyl chloride) composites, Calcium sulfate whisker, Surface treatment, Interface, Mechanical properties

Yuan Wenjin,Cui Jiayang,Xu Shiai. Mechanical Properties and Interfacial Interaction of Modified Calcium Sulfate Whisker/Poly(Vinyl Chloride) Composites[J]. J. Mater. Sci. Technol., 2016, 32(12): 1352-1360.

Figures/Tables 12

Table 1. Purities of the materials

Materials	Purity
PVC, CSW, organic tin, DOP, GMS, ACR, KH-550, NDZ-201	Industrial grade
Stearic acid	Analytical reagent
PVA1750	Chemical pure
Glutaraldehyde solution	Biological reagent

Table 2. Activation indexes of different modified CSWs

Sample	CSW	cPVA@CSW	Si-CSW	Ti-CSW	SA-CSW
ω (%)	19.27	23.28	23.05	20.16	22.38

Fig. 1. SEM images of the surface morphologies of (a) CSW, (b) cPVA@CSW, (c) Si-CSW, (d) Ti-CSW and (e) SA-CSW.

Fig. 2. (a) Tensile strength and (b) Young's modulus of the composites with different CSW contents.

Fig. 3. Impact properties of the composites with various CSW contents.

Fig. 4. SEM images of the tensile fracture surfaces for the composites with 5 wt% whisker (a1 - CSW/PVC; b1 - cPVA@CSW/PVC; c1 - Si-CSW/PVC; d1 - Ti-CSW/PVC; e1 - SA-CSW/PVC) and the composites with 10 wt% whisker (a2 - CSW/PVC; b2 - cPVA@CSW/PVC; c2 - Si-CSW/PVC; d2 - Ti-CSW/PVC; e2 - SA-CSW/PVC).

Fig. 5. SEM images of the tensile fracture surfaces for the composites with 30 wt% whisker. (a1, a2) - CSW/PVC; (b1, b2) - cPVA@CSW/PVC; (c1, c2) - Si-CSW/PVC; (d1, d2) - Ti-CSW/PVC; (e1, e2) - SA-CSW/PVC.

Fig. 6. Mechanisms of different treatments: (a) silane, (b) titanate, (c) stearic acid and (d) cPVA.

Fig. 7. Vicat softening temperatures of the composites with various contents of CSWs.

Fig. 8. Young’s modulus of the CSW/PVC composites as a function of filler volume content and its theoretical predictions using different models.

Fig. 9. Linear dependence of 1- σyc/σym versus 1.21νf2/3 for the CSW/PVC composites modified by different methods.

Table 3. Half debonding angles calculated from the slopes of the plots

Sample	CSW/PVC	cPVA@CSW/PVC	Si-CSW/PVC	Ti-CSW/PVC	SA-CSW/PVC
θ (deg.)	70.0	58.0	56.7	77.2	66.3

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