Flexible and flame-retarding phosphorylated MXene/polypropylene composites for efficient electromagnetic interference shielding

doi:10.1016/j.jmst.2021.08.091

Abstract

Abstract:

Flame-retardant composites with high electromagnetic interference (EMI) shielding performance are desirable for electronic device packaging. Despite great potential of MXene for high EMI, it still remains a great challenge to develop high-performance flame-retardant polymer/MXene composites with excellent EMI shielding effectiveness because of the poor oxidative stability of MXene. Herein, phosphorylated MXene/polypropylene (PP) composites are prepared by coating phosphorylated MXene on PP fabric followed by spraying polyethylenimine (PEI) and hot-pressing. The phosphorylated MXene proves to be more durable against oxidation than pure MXene due to the protection effect of polyphosphates. Upon hot-pressing, melted PP fibers are fused together at their contact points and thus as-prepared composites are bi-continuous with two interpenetrating phases. The composites show significantly improved thermal stability and flame retardancy relative to pure PP, with a low total heat release (THR) of 3.7 kJ/g and a heat release rate (HRR) of 50.0 W/g, which are reduced by 78% and 87%, respectively. In addition, the composites exhibit a high electrical conductivity of ∼36,700 S/m and an EMI shielding performance of ∼90 dB over the whole frequency range of 8-12 GHz with a thickness of ∼400 μm. The as-developed PP/MXene composites hold great promise for reliable protection of next-generation electronic devices working in complex environments.

Key words: MXene, Flame retardancy, Polypropylene composite, EMI shielding

Tingting Tang, Shanchi Wang, Yue Jiang, Zhiguang Xu, Yu Chen, Tianshu Peng, Fawad Khan, Jiabing Feng, Pingan Song, Yan Zhao. Flexible and flame-retarding phosphorylated MXene/polypropylene composites for efficient electromagnetic interference shielding[J]. J. Mater. Sci. Technol., 2022, 111: 66-75.

Figures/Tables 7

Fig. 1. (a) Schematic illustration of the synthesis process of phosphorylated MXene and corresponding morphologies of Ti3AlC2, Ti3C2Tx MXene, exfoliated MXene and phosphorylated MXene. (b) Color Changes of pristine MXene and phosphorylated MXene suspensions over days. (c) Schematic illustration of the fabrication process of flexible phosphorylated MXene/PP composite sheets.

Fig. 2. SEM images of the (a-c) surface and (d-f) cross-section of the phosphorylated MXene/PP composites: (a, d) MP-5, (b, e) MP-15, and (c, f) MP-35. (g) EDS mapping of the cross-section of MP-35.

Fig. 3. (a) XRD patterns of pristine MXene, phosphorylated MXene and PEI cross-linked MXene. (b) FT-IR spectra of SHMB, pristine MXene, phosphorylated MXene and PEI cross-linked MXene. (c) XPS spectra of pristine MXene, phosphorylated MXene and PEI cross-linked MXene. (d) P2p, (e) N1s and (f) O1s high-resolution XPS spectra of phosphorylated MXene and PEI cross-linked MXene.

Fig. 4. (a) Stress-strain curves of MXene/PP composites. Stress-strain hysteresis loops at 1st, 2nd, 10th and 100th cycles during cyclic tension for (b) MP-5, (c) MP-15, and (d) MP-35, respectively.

Fig. 5. (a) TGA curves of pristine MXene, phosphorylated MXene, PEI cross-linked MXene and PP nonwoven fabric. (b) Heat release rate curves of PP nonwoven fabric and MXene/PP composites. Burning process of (c) pure PP and (d) MP-35. (e) Digital image of vertical flame testing of (1) pure PP and (2) MP-35, and the SEM image of MP-35 after burning. (f) XRD pattern of char residues from MP-35 after burning.

Table 1. MCC, LOI and VFT test results of PP and its MXene/PP composites.

Sample	MCC					LOI			VFT
Sample	HRC (J/gK)	PHRR (W/g)	THR (kJ/g)	T_PHRR ( °C)	Empty Cell	(vol.%)	Empty Cell	Char length (cm)	After-flame (s)	After-glow (s)
PP nonwoven fabric	403	409.1	17.3	449.4		18		-	27.3	-
MP-C1	313	317.6	12.6	429.3		20		-	17.1	0
MP-5	253	247.7	12.8	428.9		25		19.0	5.2	0
MP-35	51	50.0	3.7	399.9		30		2.9	0	0

Fig. 6. (a) Electrical conductivities, (b) EMI SE, and (c) SER, SEA and SET of MXene/PP composites. (d) Power of reflectivity, absorptivity and transmissivity of MXene/PP composites. (e) Comparison of the specific EMI shielding effectiveness of as-prepared MP-35 with previously reported conductive composites counterparts. The detailed data and references are listed in Table S1 in supporting information. (f) Schematic illustration of EMI shielding mechanism for phosphorylated MXene/PP composites.

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