SnO-SnO2 modified two-dimensional MXene Ti3C2Tx for acetone gas sensor working at room temperature

doi:10.1016/j.jmst.2020.07.040

Abstract

Abstract:

Acetone, as widely used reagents in industry and laboratories, are extremely harmful to the human. So the detection of acetone gas concentrations and leaks in special environments at room temperature is essential. Herein, the nanocomposite combining SnO-SnO₂ (p-n junction) and Ti₃C₂T_x MXene was successfully synthesized by a one-step hydrothermal method. Because of the existence of a small amount of oxygen during the hydrothermal conditions, part of the p-type SnO was oxidized to n-type SnO₂, forming in-situ p-n junctions on the surface of SnO. The hamburger-like SnO-SnO₂/Ti₃C₂T_x sensor exhibited improved acetone gas sensing response of 12.1 (R_g/R_a) at room temperature, which were nearly 11 and 4 times higher than those of pristine Ti₃C₂T_x and pristine SnO-SnO₂, respectively. Moreover, it expressed a short recovery time (9 s) and outstanding reproducibility. Because of the different work functions, the Schottky barrier was formed between the SnO and the Ti₃C₂T_x nanosheets, acting as a hole accumulation layer (HALs) between Ti₃C₂T_x and tin oxides. Herein, the sensing mechanism based on the formation of hetero-junctions and high conductivity of the metallic phase of Ti₃C₂T_x MXene in SnO-SnO₂/Ti₃C₂T_x sensors was discussed in detail.

Key words: p-n junction, Ti₃C₂Tx MXene, Nanocomposites, Acetone gas sensor, Room temperature sensing

Zijing Wang, Fen Wang, Angga Hermawan, Yusuke Asakura, Takuya Hasegawa, Hiromu Kumagai, Hideki Kato, Masato Kakihana, Jianfeng Zhu, Shu Yin. SnO-SnO₂ modified two-dimensional MXene Ti₃C₂T_x for acetone gas sensor working at room temperature[J]. J. Mater. Sci. Technol., 2021, 73: 128-138.

Figures/Tables 13

Fig. 1. XRD patterns of Ti3C2Tx, pure SnO, SnO-SnO2 NPs and SnO-SnO2/Ti3C2Tx nanocomposites.

Fig. 2. (a) TEM images, (b) HRTEM images and (c) SAED images of Ti3C2Tx; (d) TEM images, (e) HRTEM images and (f) SAED images of SnO-SnO2 NPs; (g) TEM images, (h) HRTEM images and (i) SAED images of SnO-SnO2/Ti3C2 nanocomposites.

Fig. 3. SEM images of (a) Ti3C2Tx and (b, c) SnO-SnO2/Ti3C2 nanocomposites; EDS elemental mapping images of SnO-SnO2/Ti3C2 nanocomposites: (d) Sn; (e) O; (f) Ti; (g) C.

Fig. 4. N2 isothermal adsorption/desorption curve and the inset is pore radius of Ti3C2Tx, SnO-SnO2 NPs, and SnO-SnO2/Ti3C2Tx nanocomposites.

Fig. 5. XPS patterns of SnO-SnO2/Ti3C2Tx nanocomposites: (a) Sn 3d; (b) O 1s; (c) Ti 2p; (d) C 1s.

Fig. 6. Resistance of acetone in three samples (Ti3C2Tx, SnO-SnO2 NPs and SnO-SnO2/Ti3C2Tx nanocomposites) at different concentration (10-100 ppm).

Fig. 7. Gas response of acetone in three samples (Ti3C2Tx, SnO-SnO2 NPs and SnO-SnO2/Ti3C2Tx nanocomposites) at different concentration (10-100 ppm).

Fig. 8. Response time and recovery time of the sensors based on Ti3C2Tx, SnO-SnO2 NPs and SnO-SnO2/Ti3C2Tx nanocomposites for acetone of 100 ppm at room temperature.

Fig. 9. The calculated average gas response of Ti3C2Tx, SnO-SnO2 NPs and SnO-SnO2/Ti3C2Tx sensors at 10-100 ppm of (a) acetone, (b) ethanol, (c) methanol, (d) toluene; (e) the linear fitting curve of the SnO-SnO2/Ti3C2Tx sensor at 100 ppm; (f) the gas response of Ti3C2Tx, SnO-SnO2 NPs and SnO-SnO2/Ti3C2Tx sensors underexposure of 100 ppm of ethanol, methanol, toluene and acetone at room temperature (RT).

Fig. 10. (a) Repeatability for 5 cycles; (b) Long-term stability of SnO-SnO2/Ti3C2Tx sensor under 100 ppm of acetone.

Table 1 Acetone sensing comparison of metal-oxide based sensor.

Materials	Temp. (^oC)	Conc. (ppm)	Response (R_a/R_g or R_g/R_a)	Response/ recovery times (s)	Refs.
SnO₂ hollow microspheres	200	50	16.0	5/7	[92]
Sn-ZnO nanosheets	320	10	1.77	10/4	[93]
Hollow SnO₂ nanobelts	260	5	5.7	38/9	[18]
α-Fe₂O₃/ SnO₂	250	100	16.8	3/90	[94]
Ce-SnO₂ spheres	250	100	11.9	17/38	[95]
NiO/SnO₂ flower-like	300	50	20.1	2/9	[96]
SnO-SnO₂	RT	100	3.0	35/24	This work
SnO-SnO₂/ Ti₃C₂T_x	RT	100	12.1	18/9	This work

Fig. 11. Schematic diagram of the band structure of p-n hetero-junction and the contact of the SnO-SnO2/Ti3C2Tx sensor.

Fig. 12. Scheme 1. Schematic of the chemical reactions during the preparation of SnO-SnO2/Ti3C2Tx nanocomposites.

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SnO-SnO₂ modified two-dimensional MXene Ti₃C₂T_x for acetone gas sensor working at room temperature

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