Fabrication of Ag@Ag2O-MnOx composite nanowires for high-efficient room-temperature removal of formaldehyde

doi:10.1016/j.jmst.2021.02.054

Abstract

Abstract:

Efficient removal of pollutant formaldehyde (HCHO) at room temperature using transition-metal oxides remains a huge challenge to date. Manganese oxide can oxidize formaldehyde, however, how to control the valence states of manganese is the key to further improve the removal efficiency. We have successfully prepared porous manganese oxide nanowires (MnOx NWs) with large surface area and multiple valence states of manganese using simple electrospinning followed by thermal calcination and potassium permanganate solution post-treatment (C/S process). The contents of trivalent and tetravalent manganese increased significantly after C/S process. Moreover, the composition of silver oxide coated silver nanowires (Ag@Ag2O NWs) is realized by assistance with oxygen plasma, which further enhanced high valence manganese. The formaldehyde removal efficiency by Ag@Ag2O-MnOx composite nanowires can reach 93.7%. The high-efficient catalytic activity is confirmed to attribute to the higher surface area of composite nanowires, the high-valence manganese and the silver oxide for oxidation of formaldehyde.

Key words: Electrospinning, O₂ plasma, Manganese oxides, Silver nanowires, Formaldehyde

Hui Fang, Chenxi Wang, Daoyuan Li, Shicheng Zhou, Yu Du, He Zhang, Chunjin Hang, Yanhong Tian, Tadatomo Suga. Fabrication of Ag@Ag₂O-MnO_x composite nanowires for high-efficient room-temperature removal of formaldehyde[J]. J. Mater. Sci. Technol., 2021, 91: 5-16.

Figures/Tables 15

Fig. 1. Schematic illustration of electrospinning, thermal calcination, solution treatment, Ag NWs doping, plasma treatment and as-synthesized Ag@Ag2O-MnOx NWs.

Fig. 2. (a) Configuration of the testing process for HCHO removal and (b) tested relationship between absorbance and HCHO content after fitting.

Fig. 3. SEM images of (a) as-electrospun MnOx NWs, (b) C-MnOx, (c) S-MnOx and (d) C/S-MnOx.

Fig. 4. (a) Nitrogen adsorption-desorption isotherm and (b) the nanowire diameters and surface areas of various MnOx NWs.

Fig. 5. XRD pattern of the synthesized MnOx NWs.

Fig. 6. XPS spectra of Mn 2p of (a) C-MnOx, (b) S-MnOx and (c) C/S-MnOx.

Table 1 Compositional percentage of Mnn+ in the as-synthesized MnOx based on XPS analysis.

Sample	Mn²⁺	Mn³⁺	Mn⁴⁺
C-MnO_x	10.8%	74.0%	15.2%
S-MnO_x	23.8%	64.5%	12.7%
C/S-MnO_x	3.0%	75.0%	22.0%

Fig. 7. SEM images combined with element mapping of EDS analysis of (a) as-electrospun Ag@Ag2O-MnOx NWs, (b) Ag@Ag2O—C-MnOx NWs, (c) Ag@Ag2O--S-MnOx NWs and (d) Ag@Ag2O—C/S-MnOx NWs. (Red, yellow, green and blue for C, Mn, O and Ag elements, respectively).

Fig. 8. TEM images of (a) Ag@Ag2O—C/S-MnOx NWs and corresponded Mn, O, and Ag elemental distribution regions. (b) and (c) HRTEM images of C/S-MnOx and Ag@Ag2O NWs, respectively.

Fig. 9. XRD pattern of the synthesized Ag@Ag2O-MnOx NWs.

Fig. 10. XPS spectra of (a)-(c) Mn 2p and (d)-(f) Ag 3d of Ag@Ag2O—C-MnOx NWs, Ag@Ag2O-S-MnOx NWs and Ag@Ag2O—C/S-MnOx NWs, respectively.

Table 2 Compositional information (percentage of Mnn+, Ag and Ag2O) in the as-synthesized Ag@Ag2O-MnOx based on XPS analysis.

Sample	Mn²⁺	Mn³⁺	Mn⁴⁺	Ag	Ag₂O
Ag@Ag₂O—C-MnO_x	9.5%	71.4%	19.1%	75.7%	24.3%
Ag@Ag₂O—S-MnO_x	11.8%	72.1%	16.1%	75.2%	24.8%
Ag@Ag₂O—C/S-MnO_x	2.7%	71.6%	26.7%	74.6%	25.4%

Fig. 11. (a) and (b) the HCHO removal efficiencies of various MnOx catalysts. (c) Removal efficiencies-catalytic time curve of Ag@Ag2O—C/S-MnOx NWs. (d) and (e) XPS spectra of Mn 2p and Ag 3d for Ag@Ag2O—C/S-MnOx NWs after HCHO removal.

Table 3 Compositional information (percentage of Mnn+, Ag and Ag2O) in the Ag@Ag2O—C/S-MnOx after catalytic reaction.

Sample	Mn²⁺	Mn³⁺	Mn⁴⁺	Ag	Ag₂O
Ag@Ag₂O—C/S-MnO_x	4.7%	70.1%	25.2%	73.8%	26.2%

Fig. 12. Catalysis mechanism of Ag@Ag2O—C/S-MnOx NWs for HCHO removal.

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Fabrication of Ag@Ag₂O-MnO_x composite nanowires for high-efficient room-temperature removal of formaldehyde

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