Enhanced electrochemical performance of graphitic carbon-wrapped spherical FeOF nanoparticles using maleopimaric acid as a cathode material for sodium-ion batteries

doi:10.1016/j.jmst.2021.01.023

Abstract

Abstract:

Sodium-ion batteries (SIBs) are considered one of the most promising energy storage systems for replacing lithium-ion batteries because of the high abundance and low cost of sodium. Iron oxyfluoride (FeOF) is a promising conversion-based cathode material for SIBs because of its high theoretical capacity of about 855 mA h g^-1, low-cost chemical compositions, and its lower sensitivity to the size of charged carrier ions. However, the poor electrical conductivity and ionic diffusion of FeOF result in a low rate capability and cyclability. In this work, FeOF nanoparticles wrapped by graphitic carbon layers were synthesized using abietic or maleopimaric acid as both the carbon source and organic ligand. In addition, the morphology of the FeOF particles was gradually controlled from rod to spherical shapes, simply depending on the rosin acids. The FeOF nanoparticles prepared with maleopimaric acid showed a large reversible discharge capacity of 356.7 mA h g^-1 with a fading rate of 0.21 % per cycle after 100 cycles at a current density of 100 mA g^-1 and an excellent rate capability.

Key words: Na-ion batteries, Cathode, Iron oxyfluorideGraphitized carbon, Maleopimaric acid

Achmad Yanuar Maulana, Jungwook Song, Da Won Lee, Chae Eun Lee, Jongsik Kim. Enhanced electrochemical performance of graphitic carbon-wrapped spherical FeOF nanoparticles using maleopimaric acid as a cathode material for sodium-ion batteries[J]. J. Mater. Sci. Technol., 2021, 85: 184-193.

Figures/Tables 7

Fig. 1. Synthesizing GC-encapsulated FeOF nanoparticles.

Fig. 2. (a) Synthetic path of MPA; (b) FT-IR; (c) 1H, and (d) 13C NMR spectra of abietic acid and MPA.

Fig. 3. (a) XRD pattern of bare FeOF, FeOF-A, and FeOF-M; (b) FT-IR, (c) TGA, and (d) Raman results of bare FeOF, FeOF-A and FeOF-M.

Fig. 4. (a) Entire XPS spectra of bare FeOF, FeOF-A, and FeOF-M, (b) C1s, (c) O1s, (d) F1s regions of FeOF-M.

Fig. 5. (a)-(c) SEM, (d)-(f) TEM, and (g)-(i) HRTEM images of bare FeOF, FeOF-A, and FeOF-M, respectively. (j) High-angle annular dark-field (HAADF) and elemental mapping images and (k) FFT magnified HRTEM image of the FeOF-M sample.

Fig. 6. (a) CV curves at scan rate of 0.05 mV s-1 and (b) discharge-charge profiles of FeOF-M; (c) cycling performance at 0.1 A g-1, (d) rate performance at various rates from 0.1 to 20 A g-1, and (e) high rate cycling performance of bare FeOF, FeOF-A, and FeOF-M at the voltage range of 1.2-4.0 V.

Fig. 7. Nyquist plots of bare FeOF, FeOF-A, and FeOF-M at (a) OCV and (b) after 100 cycles at a current density of 0.1 A g-1; (c, d) the corresponding relationships between Z’real and ω-1/2 at a low frequency region.

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