J. Mater. Sci. Technol. ›› 2020, Vol. 55: 107-115.DOI: 10.1016/j.jmst.2019.10.002
• Research Article • Previous Articles Next Articles
Anna Basaa,*(), Sławomir Wojtulewskia, Beata Kalska-Szostkoa, Maciej Perkowskia, Elena Gonzalob,1, Olga Chernyayevac, Alois Kuhnb, Flaviano García-Alvaradob,*()
Received:
2019-05-07
Accepted:
2019-10-12
Published:
2020-10-15
Online:
2020-10-27
Contact:
Anna Basa,Flaviano García-Alvarado
Anna Basa, Sławomir Wojtulewski, Beata Kalska-Szostko, Maciej Perkowski, Elena Gonzalo, Olga Chernyayeva, Alois Kuhn, Flaviano García-Alvarado. Carbon coating of air-sensitive insulating transition metal fluorides: An example study on α-Li3FeF6 high-performance cathode for lithium ion batteries[J]. J. Mater. Sci. Technol., 2020, 55: 107-115.
Fig. 1. XRD patterns of (a) monoclinic α-Li3FeF6 (S.G. C2/C) co-precipitated from aqueous solution, (b) α-Li 3FeF6 + glucose mixture in argon atmosphere after 24 h heat treatment at 350 °C.
Fig. 2. Mixtures of α-Li3FeF6 with glucose after 24 h heat treatment under air in the 60?400 °C temperature range showing a progressive increase of brown colour intensity with temperature.
Fig. 6. ATR FTIR spectra of products before and after 24 h thermal-treatment of α-Li3FeF6 and glucose mixture in ambient atmosphere at different temperatures.
Fig. 7. XPS spectra of α-Li3FeF6/Fe2O3/C composites obtained after 24 h heat treatment of the mixture of α-Li3FeF6 with glucose to temperature of 300°C: XPS fully scanned spectra (a); XPS spectra of Li1s and Fe 3p (b); C 1s (c); O1s (d); F 1s (e); Fe 2p (f).
Atomic level | |||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
C 1s | Fe 2p | O 1s | F 1s | Li 1s | |||||
Bond | Atomic content (%) | Bond | Atomic content (%) | Bond | Atomic content (%) | Bond | Atomic content (%) | Bond | Atomic content (%) |
Ionic C-F | 6.82 | Fe2O3 | 2.89 | Fe2O3 | 4.6 | Ionic F-C | 5.4 | Li-F | 18.55 |
C-C/C=C | 8.91 | -FeF6 | 4.3 | C=O | 6.76 | -FeF6 | 22.32 | ||
C-O | 2.47 | C-O | 1.05 | Li-F | 7.44 | ||||
C=O | 2.98 | O=C-O | 0.88 | covalent F-C | 2.74 | ||||
O=C-O | 0.39 | ||||||||
C-F | 1.5 | ||||||||
Total element content % | |||||||||
C | 23.07 | Fe | 7.19 | O | 13.29 | F | 37.9 | Li | 18.55 |
Table 1 Content of the different atoms computed from XPS spectra.
Atomic level | |||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
C 1s | Fe 2p | O 1s | F 1s | Li 1s | |||||
Bond | Atomic content (%) | Bond | Atomic content (%) | Bond | Atomic content (%) | Bond | Atomic content (%) | Bond | Atomic content (%) |
Ionic C-F | 6.82 | Fe2O3 | 2.89 | Fe2O3 | 4.6 | Ionic F-C | 5.4 | Li-F | 18.55 |
C-C/C=C | 8.91 | -FeF6 | 4.3 | C=O | 6.76 | -FeF6 | 22.32 | ||
C-O | 2.47 | C-O | 1.05 | Li-F | 7.44 | ||||
C=O | 2.98 | O=C-O | 0.88 | covalent F-C | 2.74 | ||||
O=C-O | 0.39 | ||||||||
C-F | 1.5 | ||||||||
Total element content % | |||||||||
C | 23.07 | Fe | 7.19 | O | 13.29 | F | 37.9 | Li | 18.55 |
Fig. 8. TEM images of the nanocomposite prepared after 24 h thermal treatment of a mixture of α-Li3FeF6 with glucose in air at 300 °C: (a) aggregates resembling the pristine sample; (b) surface of aggregated nanoparticles with a thin carbon layer surrounding them. The inset shows a different area of the aggregate.
Fig. 9. (a) First discharge curve of Li cells having as the active material of the positive electrode: (i) carbon-coated α-Li3FeF6 /Fe2O3/LiF nanocomposite; (ii) non-coated nanocrystalline α-Li3FeF6 or (iii) non-coated microcrystalline α-Li3FeF6; (b) Cycling behaviour and capacity of non-coated nanocrystalline α-Li3FeF6; (c) Cycling behaviour and capacity of carbon-coated α-Li3FeF6 /Fe2O3/LiF nanocomposite. Cycling was made at a C/50 rate.
Fig. 10. Capacity retention of Li cells having carbon-coated α-Li3FeF6 /Fe2O3/LiF nanocomposite or non-coated nanocrystalline α-Li3FeF6. Cycling was made at a C/50 rate.
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