Temperature and NaCl deposition dependent corrosion of SAC305 solder alloy in simulated marine atmosphere

doi:10.1016/j.jmst.2020.11.012

Abstract

Abstract:

The stable operation of electronic devices in marine atmospheric environment is affected by the corrosion deterioration of solder joints, and the effects by atmosphere temperature and chloride deposition are critical. In this work, NaCl deposition and temperature dependent corrosion of Pb-free SAC305 solder in simulated marine atmosphere has been investigated. The results indicate that higher NaCl deposition prolongs the surface wetting time and leads to the final thicker saturated electrolyte film for further corrosion. Higher temperature accelerates the evaporation and contributes to the final thinner saturated NaCl electrolyte film. Besides, the corrosion control process varies under the initially covered thicker NaCl electrolyte layer and under the final saturated much thinner NaCl electrolyte film as the evaporation proceeds. Moreover, the ready oxygen availability through the final thinner saturated NaCl electrolyte film facilitates the formation of corrosion product layer mainly of electrochemically stable SnO₂, but higher temperature leads to the final corrosion product layer with smaller crystal size and large cracks. The findings clearly demonstrate the effects of NaCl deposition and temperature on corrosion evolution of SAC305 solder joints and are critical to the daily maintenance of electronic devices for longer service life in marine atmosphere.

Key words: Atmospheric corrosion, SAC305 solder, Marine atmosphere, NaCl, Temperature

Chuang Qiao, Mingna Wang, Long Hao, Xiahe Liu, Xiaolin Jiang, Xizhong An, Duanyang Li. Temperature and NaCl deposition dependent corrosion of SAC305 solder alloy in simulated marine atmosphere[J]. J. Mater. Sci. Technol., 2021, 75: 252-264.

Figures/Tables 14

Fig. 1. Microstructure of the employed furnace-cooled SAC305 solder substrate in this investigation.

Fig. 2. Schematic diagrams illustrating the two-electrode system used for in-situ EIS measurement: (a) arrangement and (b) dimension details of the electrodes; (c) 3D view of the embedded comb-like electrodes.

Fig. 3. Evolutions in in-situ EIS data measured on SAC305 comb-like electrode covered by electrolyte layer (ca. 400 μm) exposed to atmosphere with 80 % RH at 25 °C as a function of exposure time. (a), (b) and (c): 0.5 wt.% NaCl electrolyte layer; (d), (e) and (f): 2.0 wt.% NaCl electrolyte layer.

Fig. 4. Equivalent electrical circuit for in-situ EIS data on comb-like SAC305 electrodes covered with NaCl electrolyte layers as a function of exposure time in atmosphere with 80 % RH at 25 °C. (Rs and CPEs: electrolyte resistance on the whole covering area and overall intrinsic capacitance of the two electrodes; Ros and CPEos: resistance and capacitance of the corrosion product layer; Rct and CPEdl: charge transfer resistance and double layer capacitance on the two electrodes; W: Warburg diffusion impedance at the interface of corrosion product layer and solder substrate).

Fig. 5. Evolutions in Rs and Rct fitted from in-situ EIS data on comb-like SAC305 electrodes covered with NaCl solution layers as a function of exposure time in atmosphere with 80 % RH at 25 °C.

Table 1 Fitting parameters for the in-situ EIS data on comb-like SAC305 electrodes covered with NaCl electrolyte as a function of exposure time in atmosphere with 80 % RH at 25 °C.

NaCl solution	Exposure time (h)	R_s (Ω cm²)	R_os (Ω cm²)	Q_os × 10^-6 (F cm^-2 sⁿ^-1)	n_os	R_ct (Ω cm²)	Q_dl × 10^-5 (F cm^-2 sⁿ^-1)	n_dl	R_w × 10^-3 (Ω cm² s^0.5)	χ² × 10^-4
	4	62.43	9240	9.472	0.7812	4532	9.515	0.6704	3.990	33.6
	7	63.93	7670	9.782	0.7677	4230	32.35	0.6876	2.819	27.2
	9	65.83	7309	10.43	0.7587	4089	30.72	0.7394	1.988	25.2
	10	67.41	7530	9.847	0.7646	4076	34.93	0.7453	1.753	27.8
	13	69.19	7729	9.300	0.7729	3869	42.18	0.7540	1.685	28.8
0.5 wt.%	14	69.28	7805	9.429	0.7722	3801	48.94	0.7625	1.932	29.4
	15	69.32	7560	9.364	0.7755	3717	43.83	0.7185	1.880	29.2
	16	68.92	7340	10.45	0.7671	3674	42.69	0.6661	1.859	2.48
	17	65.41	7210	18.67	0.7075	3507	47.10	0.5865	1.588	1.50
	18	66.51	1347	15.12	0.7365	6863	2.913	0.5592	1.305	17.7
	20	67.80	862.0	0.763	0.7625	7517	6.197	0.7116	1.672	1.51
	4	9.865	2809	15.50	0.7695	3879	45.49	0.5868	17.14	5.71
	7	10.18	98.75	21.47	0.7438	3661	10.21	0.7040	1.910	11.8
	9	10.46	87.98	28.82	0.7205	3683	22.94	0.7438	2.128	5.14
	10	10.62	84.71	29.28	0.7201	3642	28.24	0.7519	2.415	4.29
	13	10.95	78.55	30.90	0.7177	3569	40.96	0.7501	3.352	1.71
2.0 wt.%	14	11.17	77.93	33.52	0.7104	3479	43.29	0.7558	3.227	2.44
	15	11.22	74.11	35.45	0.7071	3378	44.25	0.7465	3.663	1.12
	16	11.35	77.26	37.58	0.7020	3311	44.88	0.7556	2.650	3.84
	17	11.41	79.76	39.64	0.6973	3271	45.68	0.7622	2.172	6.45
	18	11.44	80.84	42.17	0.6924	3267	47.03	0.7674	2.004	7.64
	20	11.52	81.98	45.66	0.6861	3319	51.27	0.7687	2.003	7.39

Fig. 6. Evolutions in in-situ EIS data measured on SAC305 comb-like electrode covered by electrolyte layer (ca. 400 μm) exposed to atmosphere with 80 % RH at 45 °C as a function of exposure time. (a), (b) and (c): 0.5 wt.% NaCl electrolyte layer; (d), (e) and (f): 2.0 wt.% NaCl electrolyte layer.

Fig. 7. Evolutions in Rs and Rct fitted from in-situ EIS data on comb-like SAC305 electrodes covered with NaCl solution layers as a function of exposure time in atmosphere with 80 % RH at 45 °C.

Table 2 Fitting parameters for the in-situ EIS data on comb-like SAC305 electrodes covered with NaCl electrolyte as a function of exposure time in atmosphere with 80 % RH at 45 °C.

NaCl solution	Exposure time (h)	R_s (Ω cm²)	Q_s(F cm^-2 sⁿ^-1)	n_s	R_os (Ω cm²)	Q_os × 10^-6 (F cm^-2 sⁿ^-1)	n_os	R_ct (Ω cm²)	Q_dl × 10^-6(F cm^-2 sⁿ^-1)	n_dl	R_w × 10^-4 (Ω cm² s^0.5)	χ²×10^-4
	4	111.1	-	-	49.13	5.059	0.7458	66570	6.276	0.7738	81.71	7.52
	7	122.7	-	-	378.4	9.161	0.7374	60600	6.575	0.8114	10.30	17.5
	9	126.1	-	-	562.9	9.090	0.7296	60640	9.754	0.7684	9.617	29.1
	10	126.9	-	-	1021	10.77	0.7003	43900	9.434	0.7527	32.00	25.0
	13	122.4	-	-	1450	13.67	0.6370	20400	19.56	0.5611	14.30	7.96
0.5 wt.%	14	117.9	-	-	1586	27.07	0.5682	13400	28.06	0.4254	23.74	27.0
	15	117.5	-	-	1639	27.51	0.5647	11020	38.80	0.5018	24.00	37.2
	16	5212	9.319 × 10^-8	0.4748	5976	4.958	0.4627	22380	25.00	0.5641	7.507	3.51
	17	9899	2.647 × 10^-10	0.8776	5494	0.777	0.5762	61510	19.48	0.3724	-	7.74
	18	10150	4.952 × 10^-10	0.8350	10230	0.857	0.5617	65550	17.16	0.4131	-	0.91
	20	10070	4.254 × 10^-10	0.8493	22970	1.302	0.5008	76570	8.299	0.5282	-	3.70
	4	21.08	-	-	5959	11.73	0.7162	20830	83.28	0.5594	5.901	9.01
	7	23.49	-	-	6795	11.99	0.7073	22510	61.20	0.6425	4.097	6.37
	9	24.09	-	-	6483	12.77	0.7000	24520	60.60	0.6015	4.793	3.80
	10	24.07	-	-	6402	13.98	0.6913	20670	56.80	0.6206	4.480	2.48
	13	25.25	-	-	5229	17.08	0.6709	14570	70.68	0.5485	7.375	1.67
2.0 wt.%	14	25.33	-	-	4869	18.04	0.6639	11510	78.11	0.5324	8.296	2.22
	15	567.0	1.760 × 10^-5	0.7793	2123	4.955	0.4475	23340	15.46	0.7414	7.074	10.5
	16	4543	2.782 × 10^-5	0.2169	10200	6.215	0.4888	27900	11.11	0.8561	11.54	3.07
	17	4298	4.529 × 10^-5	0.1883	11300	7.886	0.4489	25600	9.854	0.9175	8.011	1.59
	18	4142	2.347 × 10^-5	0.2270	10600	6.165	0.4879	27300	10.82	0.8706	9.805	0.61
	20	3920	1.047 × 10^-5	0.2780	9042	2.673	0.5795	26500	15.17	0.7230	13.40	2.43

Table 2 Fitting parameters for the in-situ EIS data on comb-like SAC305 electrodes covered with NaCl electrolyte as a function of exposure time in atmosphere with 80 % RH at 45 °C.

NaCl solution	Exposure time (h)	R_s (Ω cm²)	Q_s(F cm^-2 sⁿ^-1)	n_s	R_os (Ω cm²)	Q_os × 10^-6 (F cm^-2 sⁿ^-1)	n_os	R_ct (Ω cm²)	Q_dl × 10^-6(F cm^-2 sⁿ^-1)	n_dl	R_w × 10^-4 (Ω cm² s^0.5)	χ²×10^-4
	4	111.1	-	-	49.13	5.059	0.7458	66570	6.276	0.7738	81.71	7.52
	7	122.7	-	-	378.4	9.161	0.7374	60600	6.575	0.8114	10.30	17.5
	9	126.1	-	-	562.9	9.090	0.7296	60640	9.754	0.7684	9.617	29.1
	10	126.9	-	-	1021	10.77	0.7003	43900	9.434	0.7527	32.00	25.0
	13	122.4	-	-	1450	13.67	0.6370	20400	19.56	0.5611	14.30	7.96
0.5 wt.%	14	117.9	-	-	1586	27.07	0.5682	13400	28.06	0.4254	23.74	27.0
	15	117.5	-	-	1639	27.51	0.5647	11020	38.80	0.5018	24.00	37.2
	16	5212	9.319 × 10^-8	0.4748	5976	4.958	0.4627	22380	25.00	0.5641	7.507	3.51
	17	9899	2.647 × 10^-10	0.8776	5494	0.777	0.5762	61510	19.48	0.3724	-	7.74
	18	10150	4.952 × 10^-10	0.8350	10230	0.857	0.5617	65550	17.16	0.4131	-	0.91
	20	10070	4.254 × 10^-10	0.8493	22970	1.302	0.5008	76570	8.299	0.5282	-	3.70
	4	21.08	-	-	5959	11.73	0.7162	20830	83.28	0.5594	5.901	9.01
	7	23.49	-	-	6795	11.99	0.7073	22510	61.20	0.6425	4.097	6.37
	9	24.09	-	-	6483	12.77	0.7000	24520	60.60	0.6015	4.793	3.80
	10	24.07	-	-	6402	13.98	0.6913	20670	56.80	0.6206	4.480	2.48
	13	25.25	-	-	5229	17.08	0.6709	14570	70.68	0.5485	7.375	1.67
2.0 wt.%	14	25.33	-	-	4869	18.04	0.6639	11510	78.11	0.5324	8.296	2.22
	15	567.0	1.760 × 10^-5	0.7793	2123	4.955	0.4475	23340	15.46	0.7414	7.074	10.5
	16	4543	2.782 × 10^-5	0.2169	10200	6.215	0.4888	27900	11.11	0.8561	11.54	3.07
	17	4298	4.529 × 10^-5	0.1883	11300	7.886	0.4489	25600	9.854	0.9175	8.011	1.59
	18	4142	2.347 × 10^-5	0.2270	10600	6.165	0.4879	27300	10.82	0.8706	9.805	0.61
	20	3920	1.047 × 10^-5	0.2780	9042	2.673	0.5795	26500	15.17	0.7230	13.40	2.43

Fig. 8. Morphology observation and Raman spectra identification of as-corroded SAC305 solder samples after the evaporation out of surface covered 2.0 wt.% NaCl electrolyte layer in atmosphere with 80 % RH. (a) and (a') 25 °C; (b) and (b') 45 °C.

Fig. 9. XRD pattens on as-corroded SAC305 solder samples after the evaporation out of surface covered 2.0 wt.% NaCl electrolyte layer in atmosphere with 80 % RH. (a) 25 °C and (b) 45 °C.

Fig. 10. Surface morphologies of as-corroded SAC305 samples covered with 2.0 wt.% NaCl electrolyte layer as a function of exposure time in atmosphere with 80 % RH at 25 °C and 45 °C. Before characterization, the sample surface was rinsed with deionized water to remove residual NaCl electrolyte, followed by drying itself naturally in indoor atmosphere.

Fig. 11. EPMA mapping of the corroded SAC305 sample covered with 2.0 wt.% NaCl electrolyte layer after 20 h exposure to atmosphere with 80 % RH at 25 °C. Before characterization, the sample surface was rinsed with deionized water to remove residual NaCl electrolyte, followed by drying itself naturally in indoor atmosphere.

Fig. 12. Schematic diagram illustrating the corrosion mechanism of SAC305 solder covered with NaCl electrolyte layers, and the effects by NaCl deposition and temperature in marine atmosphere.

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