A discussion on evaluation criteria for crevice corrosion of various stainless steels

doi:10.1016/j.jmst.2020.04.017

Abstract

Abstract:

In this study, crevice corrosion performances of a newly developed LDSS 2002 and three commercial stainless steels (AISI 304, AISI 316L and DSS 2205) were investigated and discussed. Crevice repassivation potential (E_R,CREV), which was measured by the potentiodynamic-galvanostatic-potentiodynamic (PD-GS-PD) test, was applicable to crevice corrosion evaluation of 304 and 316L stainless steels. However, much lower E_R,CREV values were obtained for DSS 2205 and LDSS 2002. These abnormal E_R,CREV values for duplex stainless steels may be related to the selective attack of the less corrosion-resistant phase, the lower corrosion potential in the crevice-like solution, and more crevice corrosion sites in the PD-GS-PD test. A critical chloride concentration of crevice corrosion (CCC_CREV) measurement was introduced for crevice corrosion evaluation of various stainless steels. The derived CCC_CREV was proved to be a valid criterion for crevice corrosion evaluation of both the austenitic and duplex stainless steels. An order of crevice corrosion resistance of AISI 304 ≈ LDSS 2002 < AISI 316L < DSS 2205 was suggested, which agreed well with the orders of pitting resistance equivalent number and critical crevice index of the less corrosion-resistant phase in each material.

Key words: Stainless steel, Crevice corrosion, Crevice repassivation potential, Critical chloride concentration

Xuan Wu, Yuanyuan Liu, Yangting Sun, Nianwei Dai, Jin Li, Yiming Jiang. A discussion on evaluation criteria for crevice corrosion of various stainless steels[J]. J. Mater. Sci. Technol., 2021, 64: 29-37.

Figures/Tables 13

Table 1 Chemical compositions and the calculated CCI and PREN values for LDSS 2002, AISI 304, AISI 316L, and DSS 2205 stainless steels (wt%).

Materials	C	Si	Mn	P	S	Cr	Ni	Mo	Cu	N	Fe	CCI	PREN
LDSS 2002	0.03	0.4	3.2	0.016	0.004	21.1	1.8	0.4	-	0.16	bal.	27.06	22.42
AISI 304	0.05	0.4	0.9	0.031	0.001	18.1	8.0	-	-	0.05	bal.	19.45	18.20
AISI 316L	0.02	0.5	1.4	0.034	0.001	16.4	10.2	2.0	0.16	0.03	bal.	25.68	22.40
DSS 2205	0.03	0.5	1.4	0.023	0.001	22.3	5.4	3.1	0.15	0.15	bal.	39.06	34.13

Fig. 1. Schematic illustration of the working electrode with artificial crevices: (a) dimensions of the plate specimen, (b) a photograph of the specimen with artificial crevices, and (c) the assembly of the working electrode.

Fig. 2. Procedures of the potentiodynamic-galvanostatic-potentiodynamic technique (a) and the defined parameters from the schematic log(j)-E curves (b). ER,CREV, Ea and Eb represent the crevice repassivation potential, the activation potential and the breakdown potential, respectively.

Fig. 3. Potentiodynamic polarization curves of AISI 304, AISI 316L, LDSS 2002, and DSS 2205 specimens in 0.1 M NaCl solution with 0.02 M borate ions at 25 °C.

Fig. 4. log(j)-E curves of the PD-GS-PD measurement for AISI 304, AISI 316L, LDSS 2002, and DSS 2205 specimens in 0.1 M NaCl solution with 0.02 M borate ions at 50 °C.

Fig. 5. Potential versus time curves of the galvanostatic step in the PD-GS-PD measurement for AISI 304, AISI 316L, LDSS 2002, and DSS 2205 specimens in 0.1 M NaCl solution with 0.02 M borate ions at 50 °C.

Fig. 6. Derived breakdown potential, activation potential, and crevice repassivation potential from the PD-GS-PD measurement for AISI 304, AISI 316L, LDSS 2002, and DSS 2205 specimens.

Fig. 7. Potentiodynamic polarization curves of AISI 304, AISI 316L, LDSS 2002, and DSS 2205 specimens in 1 M HCl solution at 50 °C.

Fig. 8. Macroscopic photographs of AISI 304, AISI 316L, LDSS 2002, and DSS 2205 specimens after the PD-GS-PD measurement.

Fig. 9. Current density responses of specimens tested in the buffer solution with a gradually increased chloride concentration at 50 °C in the CCCCREV measurement.

Fig. 10. SEM images of crevice corrosion morphologies for specimens after the CCCCREV measurement: (a) AISI 304, (b) AISI 316L, (c) the KOH etched LDSS 2002, and (d) the KOH etched DSS 2205.

Table 2 Phase compositions and the calculated CCI and PREN values for LDSS 2002 and DSS 2205 stainless steels.

Materials	Phase	Volume fraction	Cr	Mo	Mn	N	CCI	PREN
LDSS 2002	γ	56 %	20.6	0.3	3.2	0.25	28.58	23.39
LDSS 2002	α	44 %	21.4	0.5	3.2	0.05	24.80	20.85
DSS 2205	γ	52 %	20.8	2.8	1.4	0.24	38.76	33.44
DSS 2205	α	48 %	22.4	3.7	1.4	0.05	38.92	34.21

Fig. 11. The combined critical crevice corrosion conditions for AISI 304, AISI 316L, LDSS 2002, and DSS 2205.

References 51

[1]	E.C. Hornus, M.A. Rodríguez, R.M. Carranza, R.B. Rebak , Corrosion, 732017, pp. 41-52.
[2]	R.C. Newman , Corrosion, 572001, pp. 1030-1041.
[3]	N.J. Laycock, J. Stewart, R.C. Newman , Corros. Sci., 39(1997), pp. 1791-1809.
[4]	L. Stockert, H. Böhni , Mater. Sci. Forum,44- 45(1991), pp. 313-328.
[5]	S.H. Kim, J.H. Lee, J.G. Kim, W.C. Kim , Met. Mater. Int., 242018, pp. 516-524.
[6]	D. Chen, E.H. Han, X. Wu , Corros. Sci., 1112016, pp. 518-530.
[7]	H.Y. Chang, K.T. Kim, N.I. Kim, Y.S. Kim , Corros. Sci. Technol., 152016, pp. 58-68.
[8]	D. Han, Y.M. Jiang, C. Shi, B. Deng, J. Li, J. Mater. Sci., 472012, pp. 1018-1025.
[9]	B. Cai, Y. Liu, X. Tian, F. Wang, H. Li, R. Ji , Corros. Sci., 522010, pp. 3235-3242.
[10]	U. Steinsmo, T. Rogne, J.M. Drugli, P.O. Gartland , Corrosion, 53(1997), pp. 26-32.
[11]	J.M. Wang, S.S. Qian, Y.Y. Liu, Y.T. Sun, Y.M. Jiang, J. Li , Acta Metall. Sin. Engl. Lett., 312018, pp. 815-822.
[12]	K. Miyamoto, S. Sakakita, C.F. Werner, T. Yoshinobu, Phys. Status Solidi A, 215 ( 2018),Article 1700963.
[13]	M. Nishimoto, J. Ogawa, I. Muto, Y. Sugawara, N. Hara , Corros. Sci., 1062016, pp. 298-302.
[14]	S. Marcelin, N. Pébère, S. Régnier, J. Electroanal. Chem., 7372015, pp. 198-205.
[15]	A.K. Mishra, G.S. Frankel , Corrosion, 642008, pp. 836-844.
[16]	B.E. Wilde, E. Williams , Electrochim. Acta, 161971, pp. 1971-1985.
[17]	ASTM G192-08R14, Test Method for Determining the Crevice Repassivation Potential of Corrosion-Resistant Alloys Using a Potentiodynamic-Galvanostatic-Potentiostatic Technique.
[18]	M.A. Kappes, M.R. Ortíz, M. Iannuzzi, R.M. Carranza , Corrosion, 732017, pp. 31-40.
[19]	M.R. Ortíz, M.A. Rodríguez, R.M. Carranza , R.B. Rebak, Corrosion, 66( 2010)105002-105002-12.
[20]	D. Han, Y. Jiang, B. Deng, L. Zhang, J. Gao, H. Tan, J. Li , Corrosion, 67( 2011), 025004-1-025004-7.
[21]	R.J. Brigham , Corrosion, 301974, pp. 396-398.
[22]	L.B. Niu, K. Okano, S. Izumi, K. Shiokawa, M. Yamashita, Y. Sakai , Corros. Sci., 1322018, pp. 284-292.
[23]	F. Bottoli, M.S. Jellesen, T.L. Christiansen, G. Winther, M.A.J. Somers, Appl. Surf. Sci., 4312018, pp. 24-31.
[24]	H.W. Pickering, J. Electrochem. Soc., 1502003, p. K1.
[25]	N.N. Khobragade, A.V. Bansod, A.P. Patil, Mater. Res. Express, 5 (2018), Article 046526.
[26]	N. Sridhar, G.A. Cragnolino , Corrosion, 491993, pp. 885-894.
[27]	X. Wu, Y. Sun, Y. Liu, Y. Yang, J. Li, Y. Jiang, J. Electrochem. Soc., 1652018, pp. C939-C949.
[28]	J.Y. Maetz, S. Cazottes, C. Verdu, F. Danoix, X. Kléber , Microsc. Microanal., 222016, pp. 463-473.
[29]	Y. Guo, T. Sun, J. Hu, Y. Jiang, L. Jiang, J. Li, J. Alloys Compd., 6582016, pp. 1031-1040.
[30]	Y. Guo, J. Hu, J. Li, L. Jiang, T. Liu, Y. Wu , Materials, 72014, pp. 6604-6619.
[31]	Y.Z. Yang, Y.M. Jiang, J. Li , Corros. Sci., 762013, pp. 163-169.
[32]	Y. Li, W. Li, J.C. Hu, H.M. Song, X.J. Jin , Int. J. Plast., 882017, pp. 53-69.
[33]	C. Herrera, D. Ponge, D. Raabe , Acta Mater., 592011, pp. 4653-4664.
[34]	D. Han, Y. Jiang, C. Shi, Z. Li, J. Li , Corros. Sci., 532011, pp. 3796-3804.
[35]	N. Ebrahimi, P. Jakupi, J.J. Noël, D.W. Shoesmith , Corrosion, 712015, pp. 1441-1451.
[36]	P.E. Arnvig, A.D. Bisgard , Corrosion-The NACE International Annual Conference and Exposition, (1996).
[37]	T. Aoyama, Y. Sugawara, I. Muto, N. Hara , Corros. Sci., 1272017, pp. 131-140.
[38]	E.C. Hornus, C.M. Giordano, M.A. Rodriguez, R.M. Carranza, R.B. Rebak, J. Electrochem. Soc., 1622014, pp. C105-C113.
[39]	E.A. Abd El Meguid, A.A. Abd El Latif, Corros. Sci., 462004, pp. 2431-2444.
[40]	J.R. Galvele, J. Electrochem. Soc ., 1231976, pp. 464-476.
[41]	R.C. Newman, A.A. Ajjawi, H. Ezuber, S. Turgoose , Corros. Sci., 281988, pp. 471-477.
[42]	X. Shan, J.H. Payer, J. Electrochem. Soc ., 1562009, pp. C313-C321.
[43]	N. Sridhar, G. Tormoen, S. Hackney, A. Anderko , Corrosion, 652009, pp. 650-662.
[44]	E. Symniotis , Corrosion, 461990, pp. 2-12.
[45]	W.T. Tsai, J.R. Chen , Corros. Sci., 492007, pp. 3659-3668.
[46]	H. Tan, Y. Jiang, B. Deng, T. Sun, J. Xu, J. Li , Mater. Charact., 602009, pp. 1049-1054.
[47]	J.O. Nilsson, P. Kangas, T. Karlsson, A. Wilson , Metall. Mater. Trans. A, 312000, pp. 35-45.
[48]	L. Weber, P.J. Uggowitzer , Mater. Sci. Eng. A, 2421998, pp. 222-229.
[49]	J. Soltis , Corros. Sci., 902015, pp. 5-22.
[50]	G.S. Frankel, J. Electrochem. Soc ., 1451998, pp. 2186-2198.
[51]	J.H. Wang, C.C. Su, Z. Szklarska-Smialowska , Corros. Sci., 441988, pp. 732-737.