Synergistic effect of erosion and hydrogen on properties of passive film on 2205 duplex stainless steel

doi:10.1016/j.jmst.2020.08.004

Abstract

Abstract:

Stainless steels have shown great potential in the application of offshore oil and gas industry. However, the internal surface of stainless steel pipeline may simultaneously suffer erosion from the fluid media inside the pipeline and the damage of hydrogen that is generated from the external activities such as cathodic protection. The synergistic effect of erosion and hydrogen on the properties of passive film on 2205 duplex stainless steel was studied for the first time in a loop system coupled with a hydrogen-charging cell. The components, protective performance and semiconductive structure as well as properties of the passive film under different conditions were investigated using in-situ electrochemical techniques, surface characterization and computational ﬂuid dynamics simulation. The results show that the combination of erosion and hydrogen could greatly thin the passive film, furthermore, the Fe ³⁺/Fe ²⁺ ratio and O ^2-/OH- ratio in the passive film also decrease dramatically under such a condition. Therefore, the hydration degree of the passive film greatly increases, resulting in an increase in active sites and a decrease in the stability of the passive film. Erosion could destroy the passive film through the impact of sand particles and accelerate the mass transfer process of electrochemical reaction. While hydrogen can not only enhance the charge transfer process, but also make the passive film highly defective. Under the combination of erosion and hydrogen condition, erosion could enhance the hydrogen damage and simultaneously hydrogen could also enhance erosion. Therefore, the synergistic effect of erosion and hydrogen could dramatically change the passive film component, decrease the protective performance, and increase the susceptibility of pitting corrosion of 2205 stainless steel in Cl--containing environment.

Key words: Corrosion, Erosion, Hydrogen, Stainless steel

Jiuyi Li, Xiankang Zhong, Tianguan Wang, Tan Shang, Junying Hu, Zhi Zhang, Dezhi Zeng, Duo Hou, Taihe Shi. Synergistic effect of erosion and hydrogen on properties of passive film on 2205 duplex stainless steel[J]. J. Mater. Sci. Technol., 2021, 67: 1-10.

Figures/Tables 12

Fig. 1. Schematic diagrams: (a) flow loop system consisting of pump (1), tank (2), flow meter (3) and test section (4); (b) Front view of the test section consisting of counter electrode (5), leading wire connected with working electrode (6), hydrogen charging cell (7), reference electrode for hydrogen charging (8), counter electrode for hydrogen charging (9) and reference electrode (10); (c) internal surface of the test section consisting of end surface of counter electrode (5’), working electrode surface (6’) and end surface of porous ceramics (10’) used as a salt bridge of reference electrode.

Fig. 2. XPS spectra Fe 2p3/2 (a), Cr 2p3/2 (b) and O 1s (c) of passive film under different conditions.

Table 1 XPS peak positions and peak areas for the components of passive film under different conditions.

Spectra	Component	Position (eV)	Peak area (%)
Spectra	Component	Position (eV)	Erosion	Hydrogen	Erosion + Hydrogen
Fe 2p3/2	Fe	706.7	3.27	44.51	65.07
	Fe₃O₄	707.7	1.85	31.83	0.89
	FeO	708.8	0	8.69	15.69
	Fe₂O₃	710.0	41.79	11.35	10.74
	FeOOH	711.4	53.09	3.61	7.60
Cr 2p3/2	Cr	574.1	5.14	6.44	16.51
	Cr₂O₃	576.2	59.99	13.23	11.69
	Cr(OH)₃	577.4	34.87	80.33	71.80
O 1 s	O^2-	530.4	56.52	10.60	6.11
	OH^-	532.1	41.54	81.86	91.33
	H₂O	533.0	1.93	7.55	2.55

Fig. 3. Open circuit potential vs. time curves of internal surface (inside the pipe) of the 2205 duplex stainless steel under different conditions. The error bars indicate standard deviation.

Fig. 4. (a) Nyquist plots of 2205 duplex stainless steel under different conditions, (b) the magnified Nyquist plots at the high frequency range and (c) Bode plots of 2205 duplex stainless steel under different conditions, where the inset is the equivalent circuit used to fit the EIS data.

Table 2 Fitting parameters of EIS data.

Conditions	R_s (Ω cm²)	CPE_f (F cm^-2 S-ⁿ)	n₁	R_f (Ω cm²)	CPE_dl (F cm^-2 S^-n)	n₂	R_ct (Ω cm²)
Erosion	15.99 ± 0.26	2.56E-5 ± 4.97E-7	0.997 ± 0.002	11,876 ± 520	1.61E-5 ± 1.95E-7	0.990 ± 0.009	17,912 ± 536
Hydrogen	21.42 ± 0.30	7.98E-5 ± 9.16E-7	0.863 ± 0.003	4936 ± 235.29	1.09E-3 ± 7.15E-5	0.971 ± 0.028	2372 ± 337.551
Erosion + Hydrogen	13.50 ± 0.08	1.25E-4 ± 1.10E-6	0.851 ± 0.002	362 ± 1.59	7.88E-3 ± 1.39E-4	0.842 ± 0.024	104 ± 3.14

Fig. 5. Anodic polarization curves of 2205 duplex stainless steel under different conditions.

Fig. 6. SEM micro-morphologies of 2205 duplex stainless steel surface under different conditions: (a) Erosion, (b) hydrogen, and (c) erosion + hydrogen.

Fig. 7. Mott-Schottky plots of the passive films formed on 2205 duplex stainless steel under different conditions.

Table 3 Donor and acceptor densities of the passive ?lms on 2205 duplex stainless steel under different conditions.

Conditions	N_A (×10²⁰ cm^-3)	N_D (×10²⁰ cm^-3)	E_FB (V_SCE)
Erosion	1.0380 ± 0.1314	0.6055 ± 0.1847	-0.2697 ± 0.0275
Hydrogen	9.3923 ± 2.3948	4.0917 ± 0.1215	-0.2797 ± 0.0331
Erosion + Hydrogen	14.4530 ± 1.379	6.8551 ± 0.1657	-0.3447 ± 0.0543

Fig. 8. Evolution of thickness of space charge layer in the anodic potential range. The error bars indicate standard deviation.

Fig. 9 CFD simulation under erosion condition: (a) distribution of wall shear stress, (b) distribution of velocity, (c) distribution of sand concentration and (d) distribution of erosion.

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