Thermodynamics and kinetics of phase transformation in rare earth-magnesium alloys: A critical review

doi:10.1016/j.jmst.2020.01.022

Abstract

Abstract:

Magnesium and its alloys are significant superior metallic materials for structural components in automobile and aerospace industries due to their excellent physicomechanical properties. The Mg-rare earth (RE) systems have attracted great interests because RE additions can improve both the deformability and the strength of Mg alloys through solid solution strengthening and precipitation hardening mechanisms. This paper focuses on the interface stability, together with thermodynamics and kinetics of nucleation and growth of the key phases and matrix phases in Mg-RE alloys. In this paper, the theory and recent advances on Mg-RE alloys, especially for the interface stability, thermodynamics and kinetics of nucleation and growth of the key phases and matrix phases, together with their relationships with micro-structures, and macroscopic properties, are reviewed. By combining the thermodynamics/kinetics integrated simulations with various advanced experimental techniques, “reverse” design of Mg-RE alloys starting from the target service performance is put forward as a kind of scientific paradigm with rational design.

Key words: Rare earth-magnesium alloys, Thermodynamics, Kinetics, Phase, Properties

Qun Luo, Yanlin Guo, Bin Liu, Yujun Feng, Jieyu Zhang, Qian Li, Kuochih Chou. Thermodynamics and kinetics of phase transformation in rare earth-magnesium alloys: A critical review[J]. J. Mater. Sci. Technol., 2020, 44: 171-190.

Figures/Tables 14

References 312

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System	Phase	Structure type	Space group	Lattice parameter (nm)				ΔH_f (kJ/mol·atom)	ΔS_f (J/mol·atom·K)
System	Phase	Structure type		a	b	c
Mg-La	LaMg₃	BiF₃	Fm$\bar{3}$m	0.7494			[140]	-13.90 [124]
	LaMg₁₂	CeMg₁₂	I4/mmm	1.0330		7.7409	[141]	-12.35 [124]
	La₂Mg₁₇	Th₂Ni₁₇	P6₃/mmc	1.0370		1.0240	[141]	-24.90 [142]
	La₅Mg₄₁	Ce₅Mg₄₁	I4/m	1.4822		1.0468	[141]
Mg-Ce	CeMg₃	BiF₃	Fm$\bar{3}$m	0.7443			[143]	-18.87 [144]	-9.08 [144]
	CeMg₁₂	ThMn₁₂	I4/mmm	1.0330		0.5960	[143]	-14.06 [144]
	Ce₂Mg₁₇	Th₂Ni₁₇	P6₃/mmc	1.0330		1.0250	[145]		-7.53 [144]
	Ce₅Mg₄₁	Ce₅Mg₄₁	I4/m	1.4780		1.0430	[143]	-18.08 [144]	-9.33 [144]
Mg-Sm	SmMg₃	BiF₃	Fm$\bar{3}$m	0.7371			[146]	-10.91 [146]
	Sm₅Mg₄₁	Ce₅Mg₄₁	I4/m	1.4693		1.0292	[146]	-5.37 [146]
Mg-Nd	NdMg₃	BiF₃	Fm$\bar{3}$m	0.7391			[147]	-18.75 [144]	-5.14 [144]
	β”/Mg₃Nd	Ni₃Sn	P63/mmc	0.68		0.52	[148]	-9.71 [148]
	β'-short/Mg₇Nd		Pmmn	0.72	1.09	0.51	[149]	-5.77 [149]
	Nd₅Mg₄₁	Ce₅Mg₄₁	I4/m	1.4741		1.0396	[146]	-18.00 [144]	-5.86 [144]
	NdMg₁₂	ThMn₁₂	I4/mmm	1.0274		5.9140	[146]	-13.94 [144]	-4.77 [144]
Mg-Gd	GdMg₃	BiF₃	Fm$\bar{3}$m	0.7324			[150]	-19.17 [144]	-2.38 [144]
	GdMg₅	Cd₄₅Sm₁₁	F$\bar{4}$3m	2.2344			[151]	-17.03 [144]	-3.55 [144]
	β”/Mg₃Gd	Ni₃Sn	P63/mmc	0.67		0.52	[148]	-7.79 [148]
	β'-short/Mg₇Gd		Pmmn	0.70	1.08	0.51	[152]	-4.52 [152]
	β'-long/Mg₇Gd		Cmcm	0.66	2.26	0.52	[152]	-4.42 [152]
Mg-Y	YMg₂	MgZn₂	P6₃/mmc	0.6038			[88]	-12.60 [88]
	β”/Mg₃Y	Ni₃Sn	P63/mmc	0.67		0.51	[148]	-8.65 [148]
	β'-long/Mg₇Y		Cmcm	0.66	2.26	0.52	[153]	-4.71 [153]
	Y₅Mg₂₄	α-Mn	I43m	1.1278			[88]	-7.80 [88]
Mg-Zn-Gd	14H		P6₃22				[104]
	18R		C2/c				[154]
Mg-Zn-Y	14H		P6₃22	1.1170		3.6370	[106]	-10.20 [103]
	18R		C2/c	1.1170	1.9370	3.1320	[106]	-7.30 [103]
	10H		Cmce	1.9400	1.1180	2.6160	[106]	-10.80 [105]
Mg-Zn-La	(Mg,Zn)₁₁La			1.1191	0.9701	0.9498	[117]
	τ₁-Mg_62.03La_8.11Zn_29.86		Cmc21	0.9869	1.1373	0.9675	[124]
	τ₂-La₃(Mg, Zn)₁₁			0.4636	0.9246	1.4105	[124]	-27.00 [124]
Mg-Zn-Ce	τ₁-Ce(Mg,Zn)₁₁	C-centred orthorhombic		0.96-1.1191	1.115-1.204	0.940-1.015	[120,155]
	τ₂-Ce₂Mg₅₃Zn₄₅						[121]
Mg-Zn-Sm	τ₃-SmMgZn₂	MnCu₂Al	Fm$\bar{3}$m				[156]
	τ₄-Sm₂Mg₅Zn₉	TbCu₇	P6/mmm				[156]
	τ₅-Sm₃Mg₁₃Zn₃₀	Ce₃Mg₁₃Zn₃₀	P6₃/mmc				[156]
Mg-Zn-Nd	τ₁-Nd_7.7Mg_52.2-66.5Zn_25.8-40.1			0.9800	1.1300	0.9600	[157]
Mg-Ni-Y	14H		P6₃22	1.1176	1.1176	3.6580	[127]	-9.14 [This work]
	18R		P6₃22	1.1230	1.1230	3.1220	[127]	-9.65 [This work]
	10H		P6₃/mmc	1.1140	1.1140	2.6160	[127]	-11.22 [This work]
	12R		P1	1.1120	1.1120	3.1260	[111]	-9.43 [This work]
Mg-Ni-La	LaNiMg₂	CuMgAl₂		0.4219	1.0273	0.8340	[158]	-47.00 [158]
Mg-Ni-Ce	18R		C2/c				[159]
Mg-Ni-Gd	18R		C2/c				[160]
	14H		P6₃22				[161]
Mg-Ni-Nd	Nd₄Mg₈₀Ni₈		I4₁/amd	1.1274	1.1274	1.5917	[130]	-3.80 [97]	-4.27 [97]
	NdNiMg₅		Cmcm	0.4479	0.9982	1.3785	[162]	-22.89 [97]	-9.24 [97]
	Nd₁₆Mg₉₆Ni₁₂		Cmc2₁	1.5341	2.1675	0.9486	[97]	-6.11 [97]	-6.90 [97]

System	Phase	Structure type	Space group	Lattice parameter (nm)				ΔH_f (kJ/mol·atom)	ΔS_f (J/mol·atom·K)
System	Phase	Structure type		a	b	c
Mg-La	LaMg₃	BiF₃	Fm$\bar{3}$m	0.7494			[140]	-13.90 [124]
	LaMg₁₂	CeMg₁₂	I4/mmm	1.0330		7.7409	[141]	-12.35 [124]
	La₂Mg₁₇	Th₂Ni₁₇	P6₃/mmc	1.0370		1.0240	[141]	-24.90 [142]
	La₅Mg₄₁	Ce₅Mg₄₁	I4/m	1.4822		1.0468	[141]
Mg-Ce	CeMg₃	BiF₃	Fm$\bar{3}$m	0.7443			[143]	-18.87 [144]	-9.08 [144]
	CeMg₁₂	ThMn₁₂	I4/mmm	1.0330		0.5960	[143]	-14.06 [144]
	Ce₂Mg₁₇	Th₂Ni₁₇	P6₃/mmc	1.0330		1.0250	[145]		-7.53 [144]
	Ce₅Mg₄₁	Ce₅Mg₄₁	I4/m	1.4780		1.0430	[143]	-18.08 [144]	-9.33 [144]
Mg-Sm	SmMg₃	BiF₃	Fm$\bar{3}$m	0.7371			[146]	-10.91 [146]
	Sm₅Mg₄₁	Ce₅Mg₄₁	I4/m	1.4693		1.0292	[146]	-5.37 [146]
Mg-Nd	NdMg₃	BiF₃	Fm$\bar{3}$m	0.7391			[147]	-18.75 [144]	-5.14 [144]
	β”/Mg₃Nd	Ni₃Sn	P63/mmc	0.68		0.52	[148]	-9.71 [148]
	β'-short/Mg₇Nd		Pmmn	0.72	1.09	0.51	[149]	-5.77 [149]
	Nd₅Mg₄₁	Ce₅Mg₄₁	I4/m	1.4741		1.0396	[146]	-18.00 [144]	-5.86 [144]
	NdMg₁₂	ThMn₁₂	I4/mmm	1.0274		5.9140	[146]	-13.94 [144]	-4.77 [144]
Mg-Gd	GdMg₃	BiF₃	Fm$\bar{3}$m	0.7324			[150]	-19.17 [144]	-2.38 [144]
	GdMg₅	Cd₄₅Sm₁₁	F$\bar{4}$3m	2.2344			[151]	-17.03 [144]	-3.55 [144]
	β”/Mg₃Gd	Ni₃Sn	P63/mmc	0.67		0.52	[148]	-7.79 [148]
	β'-short/Mg₇Gd		Pmmn	0.70	1.08	0.51	[152]	-4.52 [152]
	β'-long/Mg₇Gd		Cmcm	0.66	2.26	0.52	[152]	-4.42 [152]
Mg-Y	YMg₂	MgZn₂	P6₃/mmc	0.6038			[88]	-12.60 [88]
	β”/Mg₃Y	Ni₃Sn	P63/mmc	0.67		0.51	[148]	-8.65 [148]
	β'-long/Mg₇Y		Cmcm	0.66	2.26	0.52	[153]	-4.71 [153]
	Y₅Mg₂₄	α-Mn	I43m	1.1278			[88]	-7.80 [88]
Mg-Zn-Gd	14H		P6₃22				[104]
	18R		C2/c				[154]
Mg-Zn-Y	14H		P6₃22	1.1170		3.6370	[106]	-10.20 [103]
	18R		C2/c	1.1170	1.9370	3.1320	[106]	-7.30 [103]
	10H		Cmce	1.9400	1.1180	2.6160	[106]	-10.80 [105]
Mg-Zn-La	(Mg,Zn)₁₁La			1.1191	0.9701	0.9498	[117]
	τ₁-Mg_62.03La_8.11Zn_29.86		Cmc21	0.9869	1.1373	0.9675	[124]
	τ₂-La₃(Mg, Zn)₁₁			0.4636	0.9246	1.4105	[124]	-27.00 [124]
Mg-Zn-Ce	τ₁-Ce(Mg,Zn)₁₁	C-centred orthorhombic		0.96-1.1191	1.115-1.204	0.940-1.015	[120,155]
	τ₂-Ce₂Mg₅₃Zn₄₅						[121]
Mg-Zn-Sm	τ₃-SmMgZn₂	MnCu₂Al	Fm$\bar{3}$m				[156]
	τ₄-Sm₂Mg₅Zn₉	TbCu₇	P6/mmm				[156]
	τ₅-Sm₃Mg₁₃Zn₃₀	Ce₃Mg₁₃Zn₃₀	P6₃/mmc				[156]
Mg-Zn-Nd	τ₁-Nd_7.7Mg_52.2-66.5Zn_25.8-40.1			0.9800	1.1300	0.9600	[157]
Mg-Ni-Y	14H		P6₃22	1.1176	1.1176	3.6580	[127]	-9.14 [This work]
	18R		P6₃22	1.1230	1.1230	3.1220	[127]	-9.65 [This work]
	10H		P6₃/mmc	1.1140	1.1140	2.6160	[127]	-11.22 [This work]
	12R		P1	1.1120	1.1120	3.1260	[111]	-9.43 [This work]
Mg-Ni-La	LaNiMg₂	CuMgAl₂		0.4219	1.0273	0.8340	[158]	-47.00 [158]
Mg-Ni-Ce	18R		C2/c				[159]
Mg-Ni-Gd	18R		C2/c				[160]
	14H		P6₃22				[161]
Mg-Ni-Nd	Nd₄Mg₈₀Ni₈		I4₁/amd	1.1274	1.1274	1.5917	[130]	-3.80 [97]	-4.27 [97]
	NdNiMg₅		Cmcm	0.4479	0.9982	1.3785	[162]	-22.89 [97]	-9.24 [97]
	Nd₁₆Mg₉₆Ni₁₂		Cmc2₁	1.5341	2.1675	0.9486	[97]	-6.11 [97]	-6.90 [97]