Rough surface of copper-bearing titanium alloy with multifunctions of osteogenic ability and antibacterial activity

doi:10.1016/j.jmst.2019.12.019

Abstract

Abstract:

Implant-related infection and early bone integration are the main risk factors of implants for long-term service, to overcome these difficulties, SLA-TiCu surface was prepared by sandblasting and large-grits etching (SLA) treatment on a novel antibacterial titanium-copper alloy (TiCu), which is the most prevalent surface treatment with micro/submicron hierarchical structures to titanium-based implants. Effects of SLA-TiCu surface on the adhesion, proliferation, apoptosis and differentiation of MC3T3-E1 cells as well as the antibacterial activity against a common orthopedic pathogen (Staphylococcus aureus) were studied. Compared to the following surfaces: sandblasting and large-grits etched pure titanium (SLA-Ti), mechanically ground pure titanium and TiCu alloy (M-Ti and M-TiCu), these results indicated that SLA-TiCu surface obviously enhanced the bone-related gene expressions (alkaline phosphates (ALP), collagen type I (COL I), Runt-related transcription factor 2 (RUN × 2), and osteopontin (OPN)). Moreover, SLA-TiCu surface could maintain a sustainable release of Cu²⁺ ions and effectively inhibited the viability of bacteria. This study demonstrated that SLA-TiCu surface possessed multifunctional characteristics of improved osteogenic ability and antibacterial activity, making it promising as a novel implant material for hard tissue repairs such as orthopedics and dental implants.

Key words: Titanium, Copper, Roughness surface, Osteogenesis, Antibacterial

Hui Liu, Rui Liu, Ihsan Ullah, Shuyuan Zhang, Ziqing Sun, Ling Ren, Ke Yang. Rough surface of copper-bearing titanium alloy with multifunctions of osteogenic ability and antibacterial activity[J]. J. Mater. Sci. Technol., 2020, 48: 130-139.

Figures/Tables 14

Table 1 Primer sequences of mouse cells used for RT-qPCR study.

Genes	Primer (5′-3′)
OPN	F: TCTGATGAGACCGTCACTGC
OPN	R: AGGTCCTCATCTGTGGCATC
ALP	F: CCAGCAGGTTTCTCTCTTGG
ALP	R: GGGATGGAGGAGAGAAGGTC
COL I	F: GAGCGGAGAGTACTGGATCG
COL I	R: GTTCGGGCTGATGTACCAGT
Run×2	F: CCCAGCCACCTTTACCTACA
Run×2	R: TATGGAGTGCTGCTGGTCTG
GAPDH	F: ACCCAGAAGACTGTGGATGG
GAPDH	R: CACATTGGGGGTAGGAACAC

Fig. 1. 3D surface profiles of M-Ti, M-TiCu, SLA-Ti and SLA-TiCu.

Table 2 Mean ± one standard deviation (SD) values of roughness (Sa), peak-to-valley height (Sz), developed surface area ratio (Sdr)of different sample surfaces.

Surface	S_a (μm)	S_dr (%)	S_z (μm)
M-Ti	0.22 ± 0.03	6.23 ± 0.14	2.26 ± 0.12
M-TiCu	0.27 ± 0.02	6.45 ± 0.24	2.75 ± 0.09
SLA-Ti	1.73 ± 0.19	73.2 ± 0.56	10.17 ± 0.54
SLA-TiCu	2.06 ± 0.31	97.4 ± 0.64	16.25 ± 0.46

Fig. 2. SEM analysis for the surface and cross section of SLA-Ti (a) and SLA-TiCu (b, b1, b2).

Table 3 Weight concentration of elements in TiCu alloy detected by EDS analysis.

Weight %	Ti	Cu	C	O	Cu/Ti
Point 1	85.77	1.41	6.75	6.07	1.64%
Point 2	69.62	19.78	6.01	4.59	28.41%
Point 3	82.28	7.65	5.98	4.09	9.30%

Fig. 3. Water contact angles with water droplet image (a) and Cu2+ ions concentrations in 0.9% NaCl medium incubated with SLA-TiCu, M-TiCu, respectively (b).

Fig. 4. Proliferation (a) and cell viability (b) of MC3T3-E1 cells cultured on different material surfaces for 1 day, 4 days and 7 days, respectively. *P < 0.05.

Fig. 5. Actin (red) and cell nucleus (blue) fluorescence staining of MC3T3-E1cells (a) and adherent cell densities (b) on the various material surfaces for 1 and 4 days, respectively. **P < 0.05.

Fig. 6. Apoptosis of MC3T3-E1 cells cultured on various material surfaces for 4 and 7 days, respectively.

Fig. 7. Osteogenic differentiation of MC3T3-E1 cells on various material surfaces. ALP activity after cultivating for 4 days and 7days (a) and ARS of the production of the mineralized extracellular matrix of cells for 14 days and 21 days. (b) *P < 0.05; **P < 0.01.

Fig. 8. Bone-related gene expressions of ALP (a), COL I (b), OPN (c) and Run×2 (d) for MC3T3-E1 cells on different surfaces after cultured for 4 days, 7 days and 14 days. *P < 0.05; **P < 0.01.

Fig. 9. Antibacterial rates (a) and Live/Dead fluorescent images of S.aureus (b) on various material surfaces for 1 day.

Fig. 10. Cross sections of SLA-Ti (a) and SLA-TiCu (b) surfaces; Schematic diagrams of formations of SLA-Ti (a1) and SLA-TiCu (b1, b2) morphologies during acid etching process.

Fig. 11. A model of the relationship between proliferation and differentiation during the developmental sequence of MC3T3-E1 cells, the orange arrow representing the osteogenic effect of rough (SLA) surface and the red arrow representing the osteogenic effect of Cu2+ ions, + showing the surface owning observably osteogenic effect and / standing for the surface without significant function, compared with ground surface.

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