Synthesis and Characterization of Iron-Rich Glass Ceramic Materials: A Model for Steel Industry Waste Reuse

doi:10.1016/j.jmst.2016.09.008

Abstract

Abstract:

Wastes deriving from steel industry, containing large amounts of iron oxides and heavy metals, when collected in landfills are subjected to atmospheric agents, with consequent release of toxic substances in the soil and groundwater. The reuse of these wastes as raw materials for the production of advanced materials is a viable way both to overcome the environmental impact and to reduce the disposal costs, proposing new technologically advanced materials. This work aims to simulate these interesting glass-ceramics by using glass cullet coming from recycled municipal waste and high amount of iron(III) oxide (from 25 wt% to 50 wt%), the prevalent component of steel waste. The oxide was mixed with glass cullet and vitrified. The samples composition and the microstructure were investigated by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and X-ray diffraction (XRD) was used to evaluate the nature of the crystalline phases. The chemical stability of the materials, in terms of ionic release into saline solution, was assessed. The electrical behavior of the samples was also investigated by varying the iron ions content and controlling the crystallization process. It is possible to obtain chemically stable materials with a nearly semiconducting behavior.

Key words: Glass-ceramics, Electrical properties, Leaching tests, Iron rich waste, Vitrification

Carlini Riccardo,Alfieri Ilaria,Zanicchi Gilda,Soggia Francesco,Gombia Enos,Lorenzi Andrea. Synthesis and Characterization of Iron-Rich Glass Ceramic Materials: A Model for Steel Industry Waste Reuse[J]. J. Mater. Sci. Technol., 2016, 32(11): 1105-1110.

Figures/Tables 11

Table 1. ICP-AES operating parameters

Parameter	Value
RF Power	1100 W
Plasma gas flow rate	15.0 L min^-1
Auxiliary gas flow rate	1.5 L min^-1
Nebulizer gas flow rate	0.75 L min^-1
Sample uptake rate	0.78 mL min^-1
Internal standard uptake rate	0.22 mL min^-1
Integration time	15 s
Replicates	7
Selected wavelengths (nm)	Analytes: Fe (234.350, 238.204, 240.489); Si (250.690, 251.432, 251.611). Internal standard: Lu (291.139)

Table 2. Name of the samples and theoretical composition

As cast	Heat-treated	SiO₂	Na₂O	CaO	Al₂O₃	MgO	K₂O	Fe₂O₃
SG 0	SG 0 - 700	71.4	13.04	10.23	1.98	2.16	0.86	0.33
SG 25	SG 25 - 700	53.55	9.78	7.67	1.49	1.62	0.65	25.25
SG 30	SG 30 - 700	49.98	9.13	7.16	1.39	1.51	0.60	30.23
SG 35	SG 35 - 700	46.41	8.48	6.65	1.29	1.40	0.56	35.21
SG 40	SG 40 - 700	42.84	7.82	6.14	1.19	1.30	0.52	40.20
SG 45	SG 45 - 700	39.27	7.17	5.63	1.09	1.19	0.47	45.18
SG 50	SG 50 - 700	35.70	6.52	5.12	0.99	1.08	0.43	50.17

Fig. 1. SEM microphotographs of SG40: (a) matrix of the sample; (b) little localized area containing iron oxides crystals.

Fig. 2. SEM microphotographs: (a) SG30-700, (b) SG50-700.

Fig. 3. Powders XRD patterns of the “as casted” samples (M = magnetite; H = hematite; X = common peaks, not diagnostic).

Fig. 4. Powders XRD patterns of the heat-treated samples (M = magnetite; H = hematite; S = Ca0.05Mg0.65Fe0.30SiO3; K = Common peaks, not diagnostic). Peaks at 2θ = 41°, 54° and 62.5° have been previously assigned (in Fig. 3) to hematite or hematite and magnetite.

Fig. 5. Samples resistivity depending on ferric oxide amount.

Fig. 6. SEM back scattered electrons microphotographs of SG 40-700.

Fig. 7. Silicon release versus time, in a 0.1 M NaCl solution. Filled markers: “heat-treated” samples. Empty markers: “as casted” samples.

Fig. 8. Iron release versus time of heat-treated samples.

Fig. 9. Resistivity of corroded samples depending on ferric oxide amount.

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